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NEW  YORK. 


7 
ILLUSTRfiTED  HAND  BOOK 


OF- 


James  Leffel's 


-IMPROVED- 


Double  Turbine  Water  Wheel 

For  1885  AND  1886. 


FOR    PARTICULARS,    APPLY    TO 

JAMES  LEFFEL&CO, 

MANUFACTURERS, 

SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO. 

AND 

110  Liberty  Street,  New  York  City. 


SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO  : 

LEFFEL  NEWS  PRINT, 

1885. 


INTRODUCTION. 


A  reputation  which  endures  and  increases  with  the  progress  of  time, 
and  after  the  lapse  of  twenty -three  years,  is  more  widely  ind  firmly 
established  than  ever  before,  cannot  but  be  founded  apon  -uperior 
merit.  This  is  the  history,  in  few  words,  of  the  James  Leffel  Double 
Turbine  Water  Wheel.  No  other  testimony  can  be  so  convincing  in 
this  regard  as  the  acts  and  words  of  the  users  of  the  Wheel.  They  are 
judges  of  whose-competency  there  can  be  no  doubt,  and  the  successful 
operation  of  the  Wheel  in  their  hands,  under  the  most  trying  and  varied 
circumstances,  has  elicited  such  fervent  praise  from  them  as  nothing 
but  the  highest  degree'of  excellence  could  command.  We  give  in  this 
volume  a  few,  and  only  a  few,  of  these  enthusiastic  letters.  To  publish 
them  all  would  fill  a  much  larger  book  than  this,  to  the  entire  exclu- 
sion of  all  other  matter ;  but  those  here  printed  will  convey  some  idea 
of  the  estimate  placed  upon  the  Wheel  by  those  who  have  it  in  use. 

The  popularity  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  and  its  increasing  sale  have  led 
to  the  erection  by  us  of  new,  large  and  commodious  works,  fitted 
throughout  with  the  most  improved  and  expensive  labor-saving  ma- 
chinery, especially  made  for  and  adapted  to  the  proper  manufacture 
of  the  various  parts  of  the  Leffel  Wheel.  We  are  enabled  by  means  of 
this  special  machinery  to  produce  at  the  very  lowest  cost  a  Wheel, 
which  cannot  be  surpassed  either  in  the  practical  excellence  of  its  de- 
sign or  in  the  accurate  formation  and  adjustment  of  its  parts.  Such 
improvements  in  the  Wheel  are  made  from  time  to  time  as  the  growth 
of  mechanical  science  and  the  developments  of  manufacturing  indus- 
try show  to  be  feasible  and  useful  ;  and  it  is  thus  maintained  in  its 
position  as  the  most  finished  and  perfect  product  of  inventive  skill  to 
be  found  in  this  class  of  motors. 

The  present  edition  of  our  Wheel  Book  is  issued  in  the  same  con- 
venient and  we  believe  not  less  attractive  form  than  those  preceding  it, 
and  contains  matter  which  will  be  found  of  the  highest  practical  utility. 
Users  of  water  power  in  all  parts  of  the  world  have  come  to  regard 
the  Leffel  Wheel  Book  as  an  almost  indispensable  manual,  and  the  fre- 
quent requests  for  it  have  rendered  this  new  issue  necessary.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  recent  valuable  improvements  in  the  Wheel,  together 
with  the  reduced  prices  at  which  it  is  sold,  we  include  in  this  volume  a 
large  variety  of  practical  information  upon  svibjects  of  importance  to 
every  owner  or  user  of  water  power.  Desiring  not  only  to  extend 
our  business,  but  also  to  serve  the  interests  of  those  to  whom  this 
work  is  addressed,  we  have  sought  to  render  it  worthy  of  attentive 
perusal  and  careful  preservation. 

JAMES  LEFFEL  &  CO. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1885,    by  Jaems  Leffel  &  Co.,  in 
the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


4  JAMES    LEFFEL'S  turbine  WATER  WHEEL. 

MEASUREMENT  OF  WATER. 

When  a  man  has  concluded  to  improve  a  water  power,  the  first 
thing  he  should  ascertain  is  the  amount  of  head  and  fall  he  can  secure. 
The  next,  and  most  important  step,  is  to  determine  accurately  the 
quantity  of  water  that  flows  in  the  stream,  (provided  there  is  a  limited 
supply,)  as  upon  this  will  depend  the  amount  of  power,  and  conse- 
quently the  amount  of  Avork,  the  stream  is  capable  of  performing. 
And  as  the  improvement  of  water  power  is  necessarily  attended  with 
expense,  it  is  therefore  important  to  one  who  contemplates  building  a 
mill  or  factory,  that  he  should  know  exactly  what  amount  of  work  he 
can  depend  upon  the  stream  doing  ;  as  for  the  want  of  an  accurate 
knowledge,  or  from  an  erroneous  supposition  of  the  quantity  of  water  in 
the  stream,  pa';ties  fi-equently  construct  mills  and  factories  of  a 
magnitude  which,  upon  trial,  is  found  to  be  entirely  out  of  proportion 
to  the  power  of  the  stream,  and  it  fails  to  drive  their  machinery.  Such 
being  often  the  case,  it  is  important,  when  practicable,  to  get  some  one 
well  versed  in  hydraulics  to  measure  the  capacity  of  the  stream.  As 
this  cannot  always  be  done,  we  give  herewith  a  few  plain  suggestions 
and  illustrations,  by  the  aid  of  which  any  one  can  determine  approxi- 
mately the  quantity  of  water  in  a  stream. 

The  plate  represents  a  weir  dam  across  a  small  stream.  Where  it 
is  convenient  to  use  a  single  board,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  select  one  that 
is  long  enough  to  reach  across  the  stream,  resting  in  the  bank  at  each 
end.  Cut  a  notch  in  the  board  sufficient  in  depth  to  pass  all  the  water 
to  be  measured,  and  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  width  of  the 
stream  in  length.  The  bottom  of  notch  B  in  the  board  A  should  be 
beveled  on  the  down  stream  side  ;  the  ends  of  the  notch  should  also  be 
beveled  on  the  same  side,  and  within  one-eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  up- 
per side  of  the  board,  leaving  the  edge  almost  sharp.  E  is  a  stake 
driven  in  the  bottom  of  stream  several  feet  above  the  board  or  dam,  and 
should  be  driven  down  to  the  level  of  notch  B,  this  level  being  easily 
found  as  the  water  is  beginning  to  spill  over  the  board.  After  the 
water  has  come  to  a  stand  and  reached  its  greatest  depth,  a  careful 
measurement  can  be  made  of  the  depth  of  water  over  the  top  of  stake 
E,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut  by  the  man  with  square  and  measure  in 
his  hand.  Such  measurement  gives  the  true  depth  of  water  passing 
over  the  notch,  since,  if  measured  directly  on  the  notch  or  the  board, 
the  curvature  of  the  water  in  passing  would  reduce  the  depth,  giv- 
ing the  improper  measure.  Although,  where  accuracy  is  not  requir- 
ed, such  a  method  will  give  a  fair  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  water, 
in  all  cases  it  is  best  to  make  the  measurement  over  the  stake.  The 
line  D  is  a  level  from  the  bottom  of  notch  B  to  the  top  of  stake  E; 
while  the  dotted  line  C  represents  the  top  of  the  water,  and  the  distance 
between  the  lines  from  the  top  of  stake,  give  the  true  depth  or  spill 
over  the  weir.  The  lines  have  in  the  cut,  the  appearance  of  run- 
ning over  the  top  of  the  board  ;  but  this  is  owing  to  the  fact  that 
they  pass  behind  it,  and,  for  the  purpose  of  illustration,  the  reader 


6  JAMES    LEFFEL'S    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 

is  supposed  to  look  through  the  board  and  the  post.  The  surface  of  the 
water  below  the  board  should  not  be  nearer  the  notch  B  than  teji 
inches,  that  the  flow  of  water  over  the  notch  may  not  be  impeded. 
Neither  should  the  nature  of  the  channel  above  the  board  be  such 
as  to  force  or  hurry  the  water  to  the  board,  but  it  should  be  of  am- 
ple width  and  depth  to  allow  the  water  to  approach  the  notch  and 
board  steadily  and  quietly.  If  the  water  passes  the  channel  rapidly 
it  will  be  forced  over  the  notch,  and  a  larger  quantity  will  pass  than 
if  allowed  to  spill  from  a  large  body  moving  slowly. 

When  the  depth  of  water  over  the  stake  E  is  known,  the  quan- 
tity of  water  passing  can  be  easily  calculated  by  reference  to  the 
Weir  Table  on  page  7.  This  table  gives  the  number  of  cubic  feet 
of  water  passing  per  minute  over  a  weir  for  each  inch  in  breadth, 
from  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  depth  to  twenty -five  inches  in  depth. 
The  figures  i,  2,  3,  etc.,  in  the  first  and  last  perpendicular  columns, 
are  the  inches  depth  of  water  over  weir,  while  the  first  or  top  hori- 
zontal column  represents  fractional  parts  of  an  inch,  from  one-six- 
teenth to  sixteen  sixteenths.  The  body  of  table  shows  the  cubic  feet 
that  will  pass  each  minute  for  each  depth  of  weir,  from  one-six-teenth 
to  twenty -five  inches,  as  before  stated.  But  each  result  is  for  but 
one  inch  in  width  ;  so,  for  any  particular  number  of  inches  breadth 
of  weir  the  result  obtained  in  table  must  be  multiplied  by  the  num- 
ber of  inches  of  breadth  the  weir  may  be.  For  example  suppose  the 
notch  or  weir  be  20  inches  wide,  and  the  water  at  stake  E  5)^  in- 
ches deep  ;  in  the  first  or  last  column  find  the  figure  5,  follow  the 
horizontal  column  until  the  perpendicular  column  is  reached  containing 
y^  at  the  top.  In  the  square  where  these  two  columns  meet  will  be  found 
5.18  (five  and  eighteen  hundredths)  cubic  feet.  This  is  the  quantity  of 
water  that  will  pass  for  each  inch,  in  width  ;  but,  since  the  suppos- 
ed weir  was  20  inches  wide,  this  result  must  be  multiplied  by  20,  which 
gives  103.60  (one  hundred  and  three  and  six-tenths)  cubic  feet  per 
minute.  In  this  manner  the  water  passing  any  width  of  weir,  of  any 
depth  from  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  to  twenty-five  inches  depth,  can 
be  easily  calculated. 

A  very  important  matter  in  connection  with  the  measurement 
of  small  streams  is  also  the  possibility  of  damming  or  holding  the  wat- 
er, and  using  it  a  part  of  the  time  instead  of  constantly.  If  the  above 
mentioned  quantity  of  water  was  held  for  twelve  hours,  for  the  re- 
maining twelve  hours  (if  all  was  used  in  that  time)  double  the' 
quantity  would  be  available,  and  consequently  double  the  power  ob- 
tained for  that  length  of  time.  The  power  is  thus  stored  up  to  be 
used  in  less  time,  besides  giving  a  better  effect,  since  with  a  small 
quantity  of  water,  almost  as  much  power  is  required  to  drive  the 
necessary  machinery  without  labor  as  when  driving  at  labor.  Now, 
while  this  whole  method  may  appear  simple,  we  would  always  like 
as  full  an  understanding  of  all  the  circumstances  as  possible  however 
confident  parties  may  be  of  the  accuracy  of  their  measurements. 

We,  therefore,  particularly  request  our  correspondents,  in  writing 


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8  JAMES  leffel's  turbine  water   wheel. 

on  this  subject,  to  give  us  the  depth  and  width  of  the  water  over 
weir,  so  we  can  verify  the  calculations  ourselves  ;  state  also  what 
length  of  time  the  water  can  be  dammed  or  held,  if  the  stream  is 
small. 

For  Measuring  Water  More  Accurately, 

It  sometimes  becomes  necessary  to  vary  the  foregoing  method 
in  certain  particulars,  when  it  is  desired  to  ascertain  with  great  ex- 
actness the  quantity  of  water  a  stream  furnishes,  or  a  wheel  is  using. 
On  very  small  streams,  or  where  wheels  are  competing,  or  where 
the  useful  effect  or  power  of  a  wheel  for  the  quantity  of  water  is 
required  with  special  precision,  the  arrangements  for  measuring 
should  be  more  carefully  prepared,  and  corrections  made  that  are 
not  taken  into  consideration  in  the  foregoing  description.  The  notch 
B  should  be  made  in  a  thin  plate  or  sheet  of  iron,  forming  almost 
a  sharp  edge,  (as  a  thick  one  retards  the  flow,)  the  plate  then  being 
screwed  fast  to  the  board.  A,  on  its  upper  side  ;  the  requisite  stiff- 
ness is  thus  afforded  to  the  iron.  The  notch  in  the  iron  should  be 
made  sufficiently  less  in  size  than  that  in  the  board,  both  on  the 
bottom  and  at  each  end,  to  enable  the  water  to  pass  clear  of  the 
board  at  all  points,  its  flow  being  thus  entirely  unobstructed. 

If  the  ordinary  square  and  measure  is  used,  the  stake,  E,  should 
be  driven  so  that  the  top  will  be  precisely  level  with  the  edge  of 
the  iron  lip  or  notch  ;  but  since  the  capillary  attraction  caused  by 
placing  a  rule  in  the  water  and  on  the  stakes  gives  rise  to  some 
uncertainty  in  measuring  by  that  means,  it  is  best  to  use  a  hook 
gauge.  In  this  case  the  stake  E,  stands  above  the  level  of  the  wat- 
er to  any  convenient  height,  and  is  graduated  with  any  degree  of 
minuteness  desired.  The  point  on  the  stake  on  an  exact  level  with  the 
top  of  the  notch  may  be  fixed  by  means  of  a  spirit  level  and 
straight  edge.  From  this  point  to  the  commencement  of  the  grad- 
uated scale,  or  zero,  the  distance  is  equal  to  the  length  of  the  gauge 
less  the  vertical  length  of  the  hook,  so  that  when  the  water  is  just 
even  with  the  notch,  the  top  of  the  gauge  will  be  at  0  on  the  scale, 
the  top  of  the  hook  being  at  the  surface  of  the  water.  Then  as  the 
water  rises,  the  gauge  is  held  against  the  stake  and  carefully  ad- 
justed by  sliding  up  until  the  hook  comes  as  before,  exactly  to  the 
level  of  the  surface  water,  when  the  top  of  the  gauge  will  show  on 
the  scale  the  precise  depth  over  the  notch. 

Again,  the  velocity  of  the  water  as  it  approaches  the  weir  is  a 
matter  to  be  carefully  considered  and  calculated.  In  the  foregoing 
remarks  we  have  considered  the  measurement  of  depth  as  though 
it  were  in  still  water.  The  nature  of  the  channel  will  materially 
affect  the  approach  of  water  to  the  point  where  it  spills  ;  the  ten- 
dency being  to  increase  the  discharge  over  the  notch.  The  correc- 
tion for  this  increased  discharge  is  made  by  adding  to  the  actual 
depth  obtained,  the  amount  of  head  water  that  would  produce  the 
velocity.  Then  from  this  measure  can  be  ascertained  by  the  ta- 
ble the  actual  arnount  of  water  spilling ;  except  that  from  another 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,   SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  9 

cause  of  less  consequence,  but  of  sufficient  importance  to  engage  our 
notice,  there  is  also  a  correction  to  be  made,  which  is  for  the  con- 
traction to  which  short  weirs  are  subject  at  the  two  ends.  Weirs 
of  all  lengths,  especially  if  narrower  than  the  channel,  are  liable  to 
this  deviation  or  narrowing  of  the  stream  or  flow  of  water — not, 
however,  in  so  great  a  proportion  as  short  ones.  Experiments  of  a 
thoroughly  reliable  character  show  that  this  condition  of  the  spill 
of  water  operates  at  both  ends,  and  reduces  the  effective  length  of 
weir  in  about  the  proportion  of  two-tenths  of  an  inch  for  each  inch 
in  depth  of  the  spill,  or  one  inch  for  each  five  inches  depth,  that  is 
for  a  weir  80  inches  wide  and  the  spill  5  inches  deep,  the  actual 
width  to  be  calculated  for  will  be   79  inches. 

It  rarely  occurs  that  such  exactness  will  be  required  for  the 
measurement  as  is  described  in  this  article,  and  for  all  ordinary  and 
practical  purposes,  the  preceding  article  will  be  sufficiently  accurate. 

Measurement  of  Large  Open  Streams. 

As  in  many  cases  it  is  impossible  to  construct  even  a  "temporary 
waste-board  or  weir,  the  quantity  of  water  that  the  stream  can  sup- 
ply must  be  obtained  by  first  ascertaining  the  mean  velocity  in  feet 
per  minute,  and  also  the  area  of  cross  section  of  the  stream  in  square 
feet  ;  when  the  product  of  these  two  quantities  will  give  the  required 
quantity  of  water  afforded  by  the  stream.  The  velocity  of  such 
stream  can  be  estimated  by  throwing  floating  bodies  on  the  surface 
of  near  the  same  specific  gravity  as  the  water,  and  rating  the  time 
accurately,  required  in  passing  a  given  distance  ;  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  however,  that  the  velocity  is  greatest  in  the  center  of  the  stream 
and  near  the  surface,  and  that  it  is  less  near  the  bottom  and  side.  It 
is  generally  best  to  ascertain  the  velocity  at  the  center,  and  from 
this  estimate  the  mean  velocity,  which  has  been  found  by  accurate 
and  reliable  experiments  to  be  83  per  cent,  or  about  four-fifths  of 
the  velocity  of  the  surface.  The  cross  section  may  be  estimated  by 
measuring  the  depth  of  a  stream  at  a  rmmber  of  points,  at  equal  dis- 
tance apart,  (these  points  being  in  a  line  across  the  stream,)  adding 
the  depths  together,  and  multiplying  their  sum  by  the  distance  apart 
in  feet  of  any  two  points.  This  will  give  the  result  required  in 
square  feet  of  cross  section,  when  the  product  of  mean  velocity  in 
feet  per  minute  and  cross  section  in  square  feet,  obtains  the  quanti- 
ty of  water  that  the  stream  affords  in  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

Measurement  of  Water  on  Overshot  or  Breast  Wheel. 

Another  method  of  obtaining  the  quantity  of  water  approximately, 
where  an  overshot  or  breast  wheel  is  already  in  use,  and  where  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  so  arrange  as  to  obtain  the  quantity  of  water  by  our  first  or  weir 
measurement,  would  be  to  measure  in  square  inches  the  amount  of 
opening,  made  by  raising  the  gate,  through  which  the  water  is  to 
pass  upon  the  over  shot  or  breast  wheel,  giving  also  the  depth  of 
water  over  the  gate  opening.    The  length  of  opening  made,  by  draw- 


10 


JAMES   LEFFEL'S   TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 


ing  the  sliding  gate,  as  well  as  the  thickness  or  width  of  this  open- 
ing, should  be  carefully  given.  Both  of  these  measurements  are  more 
or  less  accurately  required,  in  order  to  ascertain  as  nearly  as  possi- 
ble, the  amount  of  opening  in  square  inches  that  the  gate  makes  ; 
for  upon  the  accuracy  of  all  the  measurements  required,  depends  the 
degree  of  accuracy  with  which  the  quantity  of  water  will  be  esti- 
mated by  this  m.ethod. 

By  multiplying  together  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  opening,  the 
number  of  square  inches  of  gateage  or  issue  upon  the  wheel  is  ascertain- 
ed ;  but  in  addition  to  these  two  measurements  another  of  equal  impor- 
tance must  be  taken,  viz  :  the  depth  of  water  from  the  top  surface  or  lev- 
el to  the  floor  of  Penstock  or  lower  part  of  gate  opening.  It  is 
the  depth  of  water  that  gives  the  velocity  with  which  it  passes 
through  the  gate  opening ;  consequently  the  quantity  discharged 
depends  upon  the  depth  as  well  as  opening. 

An  application  of  the  measurements  thvis  obtained  may  now 
be  made  to  the  following  table  of  spouting  revolutions,  arranged  for 
the  purpose,  in  which  the  columns  B  represent  the  head  or  depth 
of  water  the  table  giving  depths  in  inches  from  1  to  40  ;  columns  E 
represent  the  velocity  per  second,  in  inches  and  decimals  of  an  inch; 
columns  F  represent  the  number  of  cubic  feet  per  minute,  for  each 
square  inch  of  orifice.  Now,  suppose  the  opening  under  a  forebay 
gate,  required  to  pass  the  water  of  a  stream,  is  48  inches  wide  and  3 
inches  deep  with  a  head  of  water  (B)  in  forebay  of  28  inches,  then  to 
find  the  water  discharged,  by  Table,  run  down  the  columns  marked 
"B"  until  you  come  to  28  inches,  (head  given  in  this  example,)  then 
run  across  to  column  F,  and  you  will  find  3.24  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  of  water  discharged  by  an  orifice  1  inch  square  under  28  inch- 
es head.  The  area  of  the  opening  given,  48  inches  by  3  inches,  is 
144  square  inches  ;  this  multiplied  by  3.24  gives  466.56  cubic  feet 
that  the  above  opening  will  discharge  per  minute.  This  table  gives 
the  actual   and  not  theoretical  discharge. 

Spontin^  Velocity  and  Discharge  of  Water  for  Gate  Orifices. 


B 

E 

F 

B 

E 

F 

B 

E 

F 

B 

E 

F 

I 

17.64 

0.62 

II 

58.51 

2.03 

21 

80.84 

2.81 

31 

98.22 

3-41  • 

2 

24-95 

0.86 

12 

61. II 

2.12 

22 

82.75 

2.87 

32 

99.80 

3-46 

3 

30-55 

1. 16 

13 

63.61 

2,21 

23 

84.61 

2.93 

33 

101.34 

3-52 

4 

35-28 

1.22 

14 

66.01 

2.29 

24 

86.43 

3.00 

34 

102.87 

3-57 

5 

39-43 

1.37 

15 

68.^,3 

2.37 

25 

88.21 

3.06 

35 

104.37 

3-63 

6 

43-21 

1.50 

16 

70.57 

2.45 

26 

89.96 

3.12 

36 

105.85 

3-b7 

7 

46.68 

1.62 

17 

72.74 

2.53 

27 

91.67 

3-18 

37 

107.31 

3.72 

8 

49-90 

1.73 

18 

74,85 

2.60 

28 

93-35 

3-24 

38 

108,75 

387 

9 

52.92 

1.84 

19 

76.90 

2.07 

29 

95.00 

3-30 

39 

110.17 

3-72 

10 

55-79 

1.94 

20 

78.90 

2.75 

30 

96.65 

3-35 

40 

III. 58 

3.87 

B.  Head  ni  inches.  E.  Spoutnig  velocity  iu  inches  and  decimals. 

F.     Cubic  feet  discharged  per  minute  for  each  square  inch  of  orifice. 

Of  course  this  method  is  not  so  accurate  as  the  weir  measurement. 


JAMES   LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  II 

but  in  many  cases  it  answers  the  purpose  quite  as  well.  It  should 
always  be  stated  how  many  hours  out  of  the  whole  day  of  twenty-four 
hours  the  stream  will  supply  the  gate  measurement  given.  In  writ- 
ing us,  send  the  width  and  the  length  of  opening  made  by  the  gate 
when  in  use,  and  the  depth  of  water  in  the  forebay  at  the  gate,  that 
we  may  calculate  for  ourselves  the  quantity  discharged. 

Measurement  of  Water  by  Miner's  Inches. 

The  definition  of  a  miner's  inch  in  different  mining  regions  does  not 
always  agree.  Usually,  however,  one  square  inch  opening  under  a 
head  or  pressure  of  six  inches  above  the  opening,  is  taken  as  the 
standard  of  measure.  For  a  small  number  of  miner's  inches  the 
discharge  per  minute  for  each  inch  will  be  a  trifle  less  than  one 
and  a  half  cubic  feet,  but  for  larger  openings,  where  50  to  100  or  more 
inches  are  measured,  the  quantity  will  exceed  one  and  a  half,  and 
the  estimate  may  be  safely  made  at  one  and  six-tenths  cubic  feet 
discharged  per  minute  for  each  miner's  inch.  The  legal  miner's 
inch  is  measured  under  a  little  less  head  than  that  mentioned  ;  but 
the  method  above  is  the  one  most  generally  employed. 

Actual  Discharge  of  Water  as  Compared  with  Backet  Openings. 

A  well  constructed  Turbine  Wheel  does  not  discharge  a  quan- 
tity of  water  equal  to  its  full  measurement  of  apertures  ;  or,  in  oth- 
er words,  in  order  for  a  well  constructed  Turbine  to  discharge  a 
quantity  of  water  equal  to  that  which  would  flow  through  an  ori- 
fice of  a  certain  size  under  a  given  fall,  and  where  the  discharge 
is  free  and  unobstructed,  the  apertures  in  the  wheel  must  greatly 
exceed  that  of  the  simple  orifice.  The  quantity  of  water  dis- 
charged by  different  Turbines  varies  according  to  the  construc- 
tion. The  controlling  cause  of  this  difference  is  the  varying  forms 
— curves  and  angles — given  to  the  guides  and  buckets.  The  actual 
discharge  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  is  six-tenths  of  the  combined  area  of 
its  apertures.  Suppose  we  take  a  wheel  in  which  the  total  area  of 
the  apertures  between  its  buckets  amounts  to  100  square  inches  ; 
now,  this  wheel  will  not  discharge  a  quantity  of  water  equal  to  100 
square  inches,  but  only  equal  to  60  square  inches.  It  must  be  ev- 
ident to  every  one  that  this  difference  results  from  the  water  being 
retarded  in  its  flow  through  the  guides  by  coming  in  contact  with 
the  wheel  within  the  casing.  To  make  this  clear,  even  to  those 
who  are  not  fully  versed  in  hydraulics,  let  us  suppose,  a  wheel,  the 
apertures  of  whose  buckets  measure  100  square  inches,  and  place 
it  under  any  given  fall. 

Now,  let  us  suppose  we  remove  the  wheel  from  out  the  casing, 
and  open  the  guides  ;  the  water  will  then  flow  freely  and  unobstruct- 
ed through  the  guides  into  the  empty  space  within  the  casing  ;  as 
there  is  nothing  to  retard  its  flow,  it  will  rush  through  the  guides 
with  a  velocity  due  to  the  head  under  which  it  is  placed.  Now, 
by  placing  the  wheel  again  within  the   casing,  it  acts  as  a   clog  or 


12  JAMES    LEFFEL'S   TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 

check  to  the  flow  of  water,  as  the  water  comes  in  contact  with 
the  buckets  of  the  wheel,  and  instead  of  passing  through  the  guides 
with  the  same  velocity  as  before,  it  is  held  back,  so  that  it  now  passes 
through  the  guides  with  only  six-tents  of  its  former  velocity.  Conse- 
quently, in  order  that  a  Turbine  should  discharge  a  certain  quantity 
of  water,  the  area  of  the  apertures  must  greatly  exceed  that  of  the  ap- 
erture that  would  discharge  the  same  quantity  under  the  same  head, 
when  allowed  to  flow  into  open  air  and  freely  retarded.  The  only 
reliable  means  of  ascertaing  the  quantity  of  water  that  a  Turbine  of 
any  established  proportions  will  discharge,  is  by  actual  measurement 
of  the  water  after  passing  through  the  wheel.  The  tables  we  publish 
of  the  quantity  of  water  used  by  the  James  Leffel  Wheel,  are  not  the 
result  of  a  mere  measurement  of  their  apertures  and  a  consequent 
computation  by  theory,  but  are  the  results  of  numerous  and  repeated 
experiments  and  actual  measurements  of  water  after  passing  from  the 
wheel ;  and  the  quantities,  as  laid  down  in  our  tables,  will  be  found  on 
trial  not  to  vary  in  any  material  amount  from  the  quantity  stated,  if 
the  quantity  is  correctly  measured. 


James  LeffePs  Improyed  Double  Turbine  Water  Wheel. 

An  invention  of  but  little  real  utility,  may  obtain,  through  lavish 
advertising  and  shrewd  management,  a  temporary  reputation,  and  for 
a  short  time  meet  with  some  sale  among  that  class  of  persons  who  are 
continually  on  the  lookout  for  novelty  in  everything.  But  time  and 
varying  conditions  prove  the  worth  of  every  machine,  and  the  main- 
tenance of  a  good  reputation  throughout  a  long  period  of  years,  must 
be  regarded  as  an  evidence  of  intrinsic  merit. 

The  James  Leffel  Double  Turbine  Water  Wheel  stands 
before  the  public  as  a  thoroughly  tested  hydraulic  motor  to  purchase 
which  the  buyer  indulges  in  no  doubtful  experiment,  the  original  de- 
sign of  the  Leffel  Wheel  having  been  proven  by  the  most  exacting 
practical  tests  to  be  such  as  secures  the  greatest  economy  of  water,  to- 
gether with  the  greatest  degree  of  durability,  ease  of  management  and 
useful  effect.  It  has  been  the  aim  .of  the  manvifacturers  to  improve 
minor  working  parts  of  the  wheel,  through  greater  accuracy  in  theii; 
formation,  and  increased  durability  of  material.  Years  of  diligent 
study  and  practical  experience  have  enabled  us  to  effect  these  most 
desirable  improvements,  which  are  now  found  in  every  wheel  sent  out 
from  our  works. 

It  is  a  common  habit  of  the  incompetent  to  copy  from  others  that 
which  they  are  unable  to  originate  themselves.  Hence  it  is  that  many 
manufacturers  of  inferior  wheels — inferior  both  in  principles  of  action 
and  methods  of  construction,  are  not  content  with  covert  imitation,  and, 
in  many  instances,  with  outright  infringement  of  the  Leffel  Wheel, 
but  they  have  appropriated  the  tabulated  forms  originated  by  James 
Leffel,  modifying  them  in  some  instances  by  raising  the  figures  repre- 


JAM6S  tEPfEt  *  Co.,  sPRJtJGMEtt),  Ohio. 

JAMES   LEFFEL'S 


IMPROYED  Double  Turbine  ¥ster  Wheel. 


14  JAMES    LEFFEL's   turbine   WATeR   WHEEL. 

senting  amount  of  power  furnished,  in  order  to  show  an  apparent  in- 
crease of  power  over  the  LefFel  Wheel,  when  it  is  to  the  Leffel  Wheel 
alone  the  tables,  as  originally  arranged,  are  applicable. 

With  a  view  of  getting  a  testimonial  for  advertising  purposes,  ri- 
val wheel  makers  have  sometimes  resorted  to  the  artifice  of  a  private 
test  in  some  obscure  locality,  with  an  old  style  worn  out  Leffel  wheel 
and  thoroughly  prejudiced  witnesses  chosen  by  themselves,  all  with- 
out our  knowledge  or  consent.  Of  course  such  tests  can  only  result 
oneway,  the  reported  defeat  of  the  Leffel  Wheel,  which  is  heralded 
abroad  with  a  great  flourish,  and  which  forms  the  basis  of  flaming 
head-lines  in  the  circulars  and  phamphlets  of  the  parties  in  whose  in- 
terest the  so-called  "test"  was  concocted  and  conducted.  The  expo- 
sure of  such  fraudulent  tests  is  eventually  more  damaging  to  such  par- 
ties than  the  groundless  reports  of  defeat  can  possibly  be  to  the  Leffel 
Wheel. 

How  the  Wheel  has  been  Brought  to  Perfection. 

No  machine,  however  simple,  durable  and  perfect  in  appearance, 
will  in  every  respect  prove  satisfactory  when  first  put  into  operation. 
Many  parts  will  require,  perhaps,  a  change  of  form,  strengthening,  or 
may  be  an  entirely  different  arrangement,  upon  application  to  the 
work  to  be  performed,  after  a  trial  of  three  or  four  years.  In  fact,  it 
requires  year^  K)f  dilligent  study  and  practical  experience,  particularly 
with  a  water  wheel,  to  so  perfect  all  of  its  parts  as  to  make  it  success- 
ful under  all  circumstances,  even  though  it  be  sound  and  practical  in 
principle.  Of  course,  many  of  the  various  kinds  of  wheels  now  offer- 
ed for  sale  never  can,  by  any  amount  of  labor  or  attempted  improve- 
ment, be  made  to  operate  all  species  of  machinery,  and  must  always, 
remain  but  little  better  than  worthless.  To  the  general  principle  first 
stated  the  Leffel  Double  Turbine  has  perhaps  been  no  exception. 
During  its  introduction  for  the  first  four  or  five  years  many  of  them 
were,  no  doubt,  imperfectly  made. 

Amid  the  unparalleled  growth  of  mechanical  science,  and  the  in- 
creasing knowledge  of  the  principles  and  action  of  hydraulic  motors, 
the  makers  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  have  not  been  unmindful  of  such  ac- 
tivity. Not  only  have  the  various  parts  of  the  wheel  been  greatly 
improved  in  design  and  ease  of  adjustment,  but  facilities  for  perfected 
manufacture  of  the  entire  wheel  have  been  increased  from  time  to' 
time.  Notably  has  this  occurred  during  the  past  few  months,  when 
new,  extensive,  and  convenient  works  have  been  built  by  us.  These 
we  have  fitted  out  with  entirely  new,  expensive,  and  especially  design- 
ed machinery,  constructed  for  the  sole  purpose  of  imparting  to  the 
wheel  the  necessary  accuracy  in  workmanship,  and  of  reducing 
the  cost  of  manufacture,  so  as  to  enable  us  to  offer,  as  we  have  long 
desired  to  do,  not  only  the  best,  but  in  deed  and  in  fact,  the  cheapest 
reliable  water  wheel  in  the  market. 

Among  the  most  noticeable  modifications  and  additions  made 
(some  of  which  are  patented,)  are  the  improved  link  for  operating  the 


JAMES   LEPPEL   &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  15 

gates  ;  the  process  for  lining  the  iron  plates  with  brass  or  any  anti- 
corrosive  metal  (applied  only  when  specially  ordered);  the  combina- 
tion of  the  toothed  segment  with  the  gate-arm  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  segment  can  be  removed  when  the  teeth  become  worn,  and  a  new 
one  supplied  ;  the  spherical  iron  penstock  ;  the  use  of  steel  gates  or 
guides  for  some  sizes  instead  of  iron  ;  and  the  improved  method  of 
casting  solidly  in  one  piece,  both  wheels,  by  means  of  which  the  edge 
of  the  diaphragm  can  be  made  much  thinner,  and  yet  stronger,  assist- 
ing also  to  separate  more  perfectly  the  due  proportion  of  water  to  each 
wheel.  Half  the  buckets  being  made  of  good  boiler  iron,  and  the  fillets 
retaining  them  improved,  both  in  form  and  strength,  it;  is  impossible  to 
break  or  tear  out  any  of  them  ;  as  a  result  of  which,  out  of  the  last  5,- 
000  wheels  put  in  operation,  not  one  has  lost  a  single  bucket.  One 
set  of  buckets  can  easily  be  bolted  or  riveted  to  the  wheel  flange, 
if  it  were  considered  advisable.  All  such  bolted  buckets,  on  what- 
ever kind  of  wheel  they  may  be  used,  are,  however,  liable  to  fre- 
quent derangement  by  working  loose  and  striking  the  inside  of 
casing  and  end  of  guides,  often  dropping  entirely  loose  and  break- 
ing others  ;  subjecting  the  parties  to  the  expense  and  inconvenience 
of  taking  the  wheel  from  the  casing  to  replace  the  broken  ones. 
We  prefer  and  recommend  only  those  cast  solidly  into  the  Leffel 
Wheel,  thus  enabling  them  to  withstand  the  shock  of  blocks, 
stones,  and  other  rubbish  to  which  they  are  so  often  subjected,  and 
avoiding  also  the  annoyance  of  removing  the  wheel  from  casing. 
Practically  the  wheel  "itself  is  perfect.  In  fact  the  durability  of 
the  entire  wheel  and  casing  is  such,  that  the  whole  amount  of 
repairs  called  for  at  the  large  shops  of  the  firm,  per  annum,  is 
covered  by  a  sum  so  extremely  small,  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
about  11,000  wheels  are  in  operation,  as  to  be  scarcely  worth  es- 
timate. The  firm  have  within  the  last  ten  years  so  arranged  and 
systematized  the  process  of  manufacture  that  if  any  part  is  acci- 
dentally broken,  it  can  at  once  be  duplicated,  another  being  sup- 
plied by  express  on  receipt  of  the  necessary  information.  In  short 
the  Leffel  Improved  Double  Turbine  has  kept  pace,  from  its  first 
introduction,  with  the  advanced  developments  of  mechanical  sci- 
ence ;  and  for  any  purpose  for  which  the  power  of  water  is  em- 
ployed, it  may  be  safely  guaranteed  as  having  no  equal  in  utility, 
economy,   and  durability. 

Double  Wheels. 

An  i.lea  exists  to  a  considerable  extent,  that  water  wheels 
may  be  so  constructed,  with  two  or  more  sets  of  buckets,  in  such 
a  manner  that  each  set  of  buckets  may  form  a  separate  wheel, 
and  that  the  water  may  be  received  first  by  one  set  of  buckets,  or 
one  whael,  and  after  passing  from  from  the  first,  then  to  operate  on  a 
second  arrangement  of  buckets,  or  wheels,  and  so  on  with  as  many 
sets  or  wheels  as  there  may  be,  or  until  the  last  one  is  passed  or 
operated  upon  ;  thus,  in  their  opinion,  obtaining  much  greater  per- 


i6  JtAMEs  LeS'fel^s  TuRBt^fE   Water  WhEeL, 

centage  of  the  power  of  water  than  is  ordinarily  utilized  by  the  use 
of  well-constructed  wheels  of  other  kinds.  In  fact,  a  much  great- 
er power  is  often  claimed  for  them  than  can  possibly  exist  in  the 
quantity   of  water  used. 

Again,  there  is  another  class  of  wheels  claiming  to  be  double 
wheels,  which  are  in  reality  and  principle  but  single  wheels ; 
their  builders  believing  by  such  representation  that  the  reputation 
and  popularity  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  (so  celebrated  for  its  truly 
double  character,)  may  thus  directly  benefit  them.  A  single  wheel, 
either  a  center  or  a  vertical  discharge  wheel,  is  commonly  used, 
with  partition  through  the  middle  of  the  tier  of  buckets,  thus 
only  dividing  the  wheel,  without  in  the  least  changing  the  action 
of  the  water  on  the  buckets  on  either  side  of  the  partition  and 
without  any  modification  of  the  principle  of  construction. 

The  Leffel  Double  Turbine  should  not  be  confounded  with 
either  of  these  classes  of  wheels,  as  it  is  constructed  and  acts  up- 
on entirely  and  essentially  different  principles,  which  are  peculiar- 
ly characteristic  of  it  as  a  water  wheel,  and  upon  which  its  good 
name  and  reputation  have,  to  a  great  extent,  been  established. 
There  is  in  it  a  combination  of  two  independent  sets  and  kinds  of 
buckets,  one  a  vertical,  the  other  a  central  discharge,  each  entirely 
different  in  its  principle  of  action  upon  the  water,  yet  each  wheel 
or  series  of  buckets  receiving  its  water  from  the  same  set  of 
guides  at  the  same  time  ;  but  the  water  is  acted  upon  but  once, 
since  half  the  water  admitted  by  the  guides  passes  to  one  wheel, 
and  the  other  half  of  the  water  to  the  other  wheel,  being  nicely 
separated  and  divided  by  the  partition,  or  diaphragm  between  the 
two  wheels,  the  water  leaving  both  wheels  or  sets  of  buckets  at 
the  same  time  and  as  quickly  as  possible.  These  two  sets  of  buck- 
ets are  so  combined  as  to  make  really  but  one  wheel ;  that  is, 
both  are  cast  in  one  piece  and  placed  vipon  the  same  shaft.  By 
this  arrangement  there  is  admitted  the  greatest  possible  volume  of 
water,  to  a  wheel  of  any  given  size,  consistent  with  its  econo- 
mical use,  at  both  full  and  part  gates,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
greatest  area  for  the  escape  of  water  is  secured.  The  surface  in 
the  wheel  is  thus  reduced  to  minimum  as  compared  with  the  quan- 
tity of  water  used,  avoiding  a  very  material  loss  by  friction, 
which  otherwise  seriously  diminishes  the  working  power  of  a 
wheel.  The  value  of  this  arrangement  will  be  fully  appreciated 
by  those  who  understand  the  practical  effect  of  the  frictional  sur- 
face in  a  water  wheel.  The  cut  on  page  13  exhibits  the  general 
appearance  of  the  wheel  as  completed  and  ready  for  attachment  of 
shaft    above  it. 

Infringements  and   Pretended   Improvements. 

We  deem  it  necessary,  from  the  many  attempts  being  made 
to  evade  our  patents,  to  call  the  especial  attention  of  the  public 
to  that   fact,   so  that  no  one    may  become  innocently    involved   in 


JAMBS  tEPf^EL  &  CO.,    SPRIKOFIELD,    OHIO.  1^ 

the  trouble  that  must  en^ue  by  purchase  of  wheels  and  cases 
which  are  in  part  or  wholly  covered  by  several  letters  patent.  It 
is  well  known  that  all  good  and  successful  inventions  are 
INFRINGED  UPON  ;  for  as  soon  as  the  long  and  unwearied  efforts 
of  an  inventor  have  been  crowned  with  success,  (despite  the  world 
of  opposition  he  has  to  encounter,)  and  the  merits  and  utility  of 
his  invention  are  established,  there  at  once  arises  a  host  of  Imi- 
tators— those  who  have  not  the  patience  or  genius  of  inven- 
tors, but  who  seek  by  some  slight  change  or  modification  to  ap- 
propriate to  their  own  use  the  vital  and  essential  points  of  a  ma- 
chine, hoping  by  a  mere  colorable  change  to  escape  their  just 
i labilities  to  the  inventor  whose  j'ears  of  toil  first  gave  to  the 
world  the  invention  they  would  fain  wrest  from  him.  This,  the 
reader  will  at  once  see,  is  not  invention — it  is  mere  piracy — 
and  deserves  to  be  spurned  by  all  who  recognize  in  a  true  inven- 
tor the  greatest  of  all  public  benefactors. 

The  visual  method  employed  to  impose  upon  customers  is,  to 
offer  some  pretended  improvement,  which  is  done  by  taking  some 
well  known  machine  and  attaching  to  it  some  part,  which,  howev- 
er small,  if  it  be  new,  is  subject  to  a  patent.  For  instance,  a  wa- 
ter wheel  may  have  thirty  to  fifty  of  its  parts  and  combinations 
protected  by  patents  ;  yet  any  other  part,  however  r-mall,  such  as  a 
bolt,  nut  \rm,  lever,  pinion,  strap,  stirrup,  gate,  pivot,  bridge-tree, 
bucket,  bush,  etc.,  if  attached,  and  pronounced  by  the  Pateiit  offi- 
c'als  a  new  and  novel  device,  is  patentable,  whether  an  improve- 
ment or  not ;  but  such  patent  only  covers  the  particular  part  in 
'ts  connection  with  some  other,  and  of  course  does  not  in  the  least 
<5rant  any  right  or  privilege  to  use  any  of  the  parts  previously  pat- 
ented ;  such  right  to  the  use  of  other  patented  parts  must  be  ob- 
tained through  the  full  consent  of,  and  from  the  parties  holding 
such  prior  patents.  But  this"  is  too  often  disregarded,  and  the 
rights  of  previous  inventors  totally  ignored  ;  this  new  inventor,  pre- 
suming through  ignorance,  bigotiy  or  dishonesty,  that  he  is  mas- 
ter of  the  entire  situation,  and  however  insignificant  may  be  his 
little  attachment  or  patent,  is  publishing  and  representing  that  he 
has  discovered  or  invented  an  entirely  new  and  improved  w^ater 
wheel  ;  such  falsification  of  the  facts  is  the  origin,  sooner  or  later, 
of  prosecutions  against  both  the  manufacturers  and  users  of  such 
infringements,  and  a  source  of  almost  endless  litigation  in  the  civil 
courts. 

The  Double  Turbine  Water  Wheel  and  Case  is  the  invention 
of  James  Leftel,  to  whom  patents  have  been  granted  and  re-issued 
from  time  to  time,  as  improvements  were  added  and  applied  ;  these 
patents  having  been  granted  not  only  in  the  United  States,  but  also 
by  Great  Britain,  France  and  Belgium.  For  a  further  protection 
to  our  customers  and  our  trade,  we  now  hold  in  whole  and  in 
part,  both  in  fee  simple  and  otherwise,  a  number  of  other  well  sub- 
stantiated patents  on  water  wheels  and  parts  thereof. 


tS  jAMfes  tEFFEL^S  f  URBtNE  "Vi^ATER   WHEEt. 

As  the  extent  of  the  liability  arising  from  an  infringing  article  U 
not  generally  understood  by  the  public  at  large,  we  would  here  state 
that  those  who  use  or  sell  infringing  articles  are  liable  for  damages  as 
well  as  those  who  make  them ,  hence,  great  caution  should  be  exer- 
cised in  purchasing  ;  and  as  a  rule  those  are  safest  to  purchase  that 
have  been  longest  before  the  public  and  most  extensively  used. 

The  Leffel  Water  Wheel  Patents  Declared  Valid. 

We  published  heretofore  the  decision  and  decree  of  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  Ohio,  in  the  suit  in 
which  the  firm  of  James  Leffel  &  Co.  were  plaintiffs,  and  the 
manufacturers  of  the  so-called  Thomas  Leffel  Wheel,  defendants — the 
suit  being  brought  to  restrain  the  defendants  from  infringing  the  pat- 
ents of  James  Leffel  by  the  manufacture  of  the  said  Thomas  Leffel 
Wheel.  The  decision  of  the  Court  fully  and  completely  sustained 
the  Leffel  patents  in  every  particular,  absolutely  confirming  their 
validity  ;  and  a  decree  was  rendered  granting  an  injunction  forbid- 
ding the  manufacture  of  the  defendants'  wheel. 

The  defendants  in  this  suit  having,  in  pursuance  of  law,  filed  a 
motion  for  a  re-hearing  of  the  case,  it  again  came  up  the  last  week 
in  November,  1874,  ^^  ^^e  United  States  Circuit  Court  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  and  after  a  thorough  and  exhaustive  hearing,  occupying  nearly 
a  week,  in  which  the  points  at  issue  were  argued  at  great  length  by 
the  most  eminent  and  able  counsel,  the  Court,  on  Wednesday,  the  2d 
of  December,  re-affirmed  its  former  decision  without  reserve,  excep- 
tion, or  modification.  This  decision,  to  which  the  Court  has  a  sec- 
ond time  given  its  authority,  embraces  in  its  scope  all  the  valuable 
features  of  the  Leffel  Water  Wheel,  of  the  casing  as  relates  to  its  por- 
tability, etc.,  and  of  the  guides,  recognizing  and  pronouncing  James 
Leffel  as  their  inventor. 

It  may  be  well,  also,  to  remind  those  who  intend  purchasing  wat- 
er wheels,  that  the  James  Leffel  Wheels  are  therefore  not  liable  to 
damages,  delays,  and  other  annoyances  that  may  arise  from  the  use 
of  many  of  the  late  patented  and  pretended  "improved  "  wheels  now 
on  the  market,  which  no  doubt  in  many  cases  grossly  infringe  orior 
patents. 


New  Improved  Vertical  Mining  Wheel. 

On  the  following  page  (19)  we  illustrate  a  method  comparatively 
new,  in  the  application  of  Turbines  to  mining  purposes.  We  have, 
however  for  the  past  eleven  years,  located  wheels  in  horizontal  posi- 
tions, in  each  instance  making  and  providing  an  arrangement  some- 
what to  suit  the  circumstances  ;  sometimes  adapting  our  Patent  Globe 
Case,  and  at  other  times  the  cylindrical,  as  seemed  most  convenient 
to  suit  the  purpose. 

The  illustration,  however,  gives  a  view  of  our  new  design  and  pat- 


20  JAMS  LEFFEL*S  turbine  WATER  WHEEL, 

ented  casing,  intended  to  be  a  more  convenient  modification  of  our 
patent  globe  case,  which  we  have  used  for  a  number  of  years.  The 
object  attained  in  this  new  arrangement  is  economy  of  space,  and  the 
application  of  an  extremely  small  inlet  and  headpipe  ;  this  latter  be- 
ing accomplished  by  a  peculiar  and  patented  arrangement  in  the  up- 
per or  interior  part  of  the  casing.  The  new  design  effects  also  a 
great  saving  of  power,  by  means  of  the  use  of  anti-friction  bearings 
which  can  be  oiled  ;  the  whole  being  accessible  and  subject  at  any 
time  to  examination.  The  design  is  intended  particularly  for  mining 
purposes  ;  and  for  small  wheels  under  high  heads,  where  the  use  of 
gears  is  not  only  difficult  of  arrangement,  and  of  keeping  in  order, 
but  frequently  impracticable  otherwise. 

The  horizontal  shaft  of  the  water  wheel  on  which  is  placed  a  pul- 
ley, aftords  not  only  the  simplest,  but  the  most  efficient  means  of  con- 
necting the  power  to  the  point  where  it  is  desired  to  be  used.  This  is 
easily  effected  and  any  amount  of  power  transmitted  and  motion  ob- 
tained that  may  be  desired,  by  properly  proportioned  pulleys  with 
light  but  sufficient  belting.  The  method,  however,  is  not  only  appli- 
cable to  mining  purposes,  but  frequentlj^  may  be  attached  to  saw 
mills  and  other  machinery  where  a  simple  and  efficient  arrangement 
is  desired. 

Important  improvements  have  been  made  in  this  wheel  within  the 
past  three  years.  These  relate  to  the  gate  arrangement  ;  obtaining 
greater  regularity  in  closing  and  opening  them  ;  this  being  necessary 
under  extremely  high  heads.  Provision  has  also  been  made  for  keep- 
ing the  journals  cool  under  their  very  high  speed,  as  they  are  not  in 
the  water  or  inside  the  casing,  but  on  the  outside.  They  are  lubri- 
cated with  oil,  but  are  now  provided  with  a  water  jacket.  Avery  effec- 
tual device  is  also  now  applied  for  relieving  the  step  of  the  great  pres- 
ure  that  wheels  are  subject  too  when  placed  on  horizontalsh  afts.  It 
is  extremely  simple  and  thoroughly  efficient.  A  patent  will  shortly 
be  issued  for  this  devise,  thus  protecting  us  in  its  exclusive  use. 

At  present  we  are  making  the  wheels  on  this  method  for  the 
sizes  up  to  our  23  inch  inclusive,  and  possablj^  rnay  adopt  the  same 
plan  for  still  larger  sizes  where  the  peculiarity  of  the  situation  will 
render  the  application  of  this  method  the  most  practical.  Of  course, 
in  the  wheel  proper  we  retain  the  essential  principles  of  the  Improved 
James  Leffel  Double  Turbine  Wheel.  Having  applied  it  to  heads  as 
high  as  300  feet,  we  are  confident  in  its  abilitj'  to  accomplish  all  that 
we  promise,  and  to  give  entire  satisfaction  under  any  circumstances 
where  a  turbine  can  be  used. 

We  cannot  speak  in  too  high  praise  of  this  arrangement  for  min- 
ing, pumping,  and  other  purposes,  and  where  it  is  desired  to  have  the 
greatest  power  in  the  least  possible  space,  having  the  smallest  con- 
ducting pipe  that  can  be  used,  and  the  simplest  communication  of  the 
power  to  the  work.  We  shall  be  pleased  at  any  time  to  give  full  and 
further  information,  and  to  give  prices  for  constructing  the  wheel 
and  casing  on  this  method.     It  will  be  necessary  for  us  to  learn  in  all 


JAMES  LEFFEL  &    CO.,  SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  21 

cases,  however,  the  amount  of  head  and  pressure  that  can  be  obtain- 
ed, the  quantity  of  water  that  the  streams  afford  by  miner's  measure, 
or  otherwise,  as  we  direct  for  such  measurements  in  other  parts  of 
the  pamphlet,  and  the  amount  and  kind  of  machinery  to  be  driven,  as 
well  as  the  work  expected  to  be  done. 


To  those  About  to  Select  a  Water  Wheel. 

Do  not  purchase  a  common  water  wheel  because  from  its  low 
price  it  may  seem  to  be  cheap. 

It  costs  as  much  money  to  erect  an  inferior  wheel  as  it  does  to 
put  vip  one  of  the  most  superior  quality. 

It  is  frequently  found  necessary  to  discard  an  inferior  water 
wheel,  and  substitute  one  of  better  quality.  This  generally  requires  a 
change  of  gearing  and  other  alterations,  involving  a  large  expense 
which  might  have  been  avoided  by  choosing  the  best  wheel  at  first. 

The  best  wheel  is  that  which  develops  the  most  power  from  a  giv- 
en quantity  of  water,  and  which  is  the  most  manageable  and  durable 
under  vise. 

The  application  of  the  best  wheel  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  the 
water  right. 

The  best  is  the  cheapest,  because  it  does  more  work,  lasts  longer, 
and  costs  no  more  to  erect  than  a  common  wheel. 

The  Leffel  Improved  Double  Tu  bine  Water  Wheel  is  the  best, 
and  consequently  the  cheapest. 

While  it  has  been  our  aim  to  keep  the  Leffel  Wheel  up  to  the 
very  highest  standard  of  efficienc}^  and  economy,  it  has  been  no  less 
our  desire  to  so  impi-ove  the  process  of  manufacture  that  it  could  be 
brought  within  the  means  of  the  humblest  manufacturer,  giving  there- 
by to  a  machine  possessing  the  highest  mechanical  merit,  the  merit 

also  of  VERY  REASONABLE  COST. 

It  shall  be  our  care,  as  in  the  past,  to  use  the  very  best  quality  of 
material — in  fact,  Ave  are  constantly  improving  the  same,  as  we  now 
use  for  some  of  the  parts  of  first  sizes  up  to  the  35  inch,  a  fine  quali- 
ty of  steel,  w^here  before  only  iron  was  used. 


MiniD^  Wheel  in  Silver  Reduction  Works. 

Georgetown,  Colo.,  February  ist,  1881. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  <&  Oo.^  Springfield,  Ohio: 

The  "  Vertical  Turbine"  made  for  our  works  proved  a  perfect  success,  accom- 
plishing all  promised  for  it.     During  th-  low  stage  of  water  it  ran  our  mill  night  and 
day  for  five  months,  giving  us  probably  80  horse  power  with  a  head  of  no  feet. 
We  consider  it  an  economical  and  satisfactory  investment. 

Our  machinery  consists  of  Ore  Crusher  and  Rollers,  Sample  Crusher,  Three 
Batteries  of  Five  Stamps  each.  Five  Ro  sting  Cylinders,  Four  Amalgamating  Pans, 
Two  Settlers,  Circular  Saw,  Elevator,  .-screens,  &c. 

Very  truly  yours,  S.  J.  LEARNED,  Manager. 

Farwell  (Silver)  Reduction  Works 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S 


Improved  Patent  Qdo'he  Casing. 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  2^ 

LeffePs  Improved  Patent  Globe  Casing, 

The  plate  on  page  32  represents  our  New  and  Improved  Patent 
Globe  cast  Iron  Penstock,  or  Casing,  which  we  are  now  making,  and 
in  which  many  of  our  wheels  are  now  placed.  The  form  being  that 
of  a  Globe  or  Sphere,  it  at  once  secures  the  greatest  strength,  with  the 
least  weight,  and  at  the  same  time  affords  the  largest  space  for  the 
water  to  circulate  above  and  around  the  wheel  ;  while  it  also  admits 
of  the  smallest  exterior  dimensions,  and  therefore  occupies  less  space, 
than  any  other  form  or  shape  that  can  be  adopted.  As  none  of  the 
parts  are  su  bject  to  wear  or  breakage,  it  never  requires  replacing,  and 
of  course  its  durability  is  beyond  question. 

This  casing  is  made  in  two  hemispheres  bolted  together,  thus  en- 
abling it  to  be  easily  taken  apart,  if  at  any  time  it  should  become  ne- 
cessary. There  is  a  moveable  cap  or  cover,  C,  bolted  on  the  top  of 
the  casing,  which  can  at  any  time  be  removed,  (when  the  head  of  wat- 
er is  not  standing  in  the  case,)  and  the  wheel  lifted  bodily  out  of  the 
casing,  the  opening  in  top  of  same  being  amply  large  for  that  purpose, 
though  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  remove  the  wheel  from  any  cause. 
There  is  one  large  man-hole  on  the  side,  also  a  hand-hole,  B,  on 
the  top  cover,  through  which  any  obstruction  can  be  removed,  that 
may  by  carelessness  or  accident  get  into  the  casing  ;  through  these 
holes  the  wheel  can  at  any  time  be  examined.  On  the  top  of  cap,  C, 
is  bolted  firmly  a  bridge-tree,  carrying  a  good,  broad  oil  bearing,  for 
the  support  of  the  upper  end  of  the  water  wheel  shaft,  to  which  a 
clutch  coupling,  D,  is  attached,  immediately  above  said  bridge-tree. 
In  the  cover  or  cap,  C,  are  arranged  neat,  snug  and  tight  stuffing- 
boxes,  through  which  the  gate  rod  A  and  water  wheel  shafts  pass, 
and  by  which  any  water  is  prevented  from  discharging  ;  they  are 
supplied  with  tightening  bolts  by  which  they  can  be  tightened  down 
should  the  packing  at  any  time  become  worn  or  loose  ;  they  admit 
also  of  the  packing  box  being  entirely  taken  out  and  the  stuffing  re- 
newed at  any  time.  In  fact,  the  whole  affair,  when  well  set  and  ar- 
ranged, is  perfectly  watertight,  not  leaking  a  drop,  and  could  be  locat- 
ed upon  a  floor  near  to  any  of  the  machinery  if  desired. 

They  cannot  be  frozen  up,  since  the  iron  is  thick,  and  the  circu- 
lation of  water  always  sufficient  to  prevent  freezing.  A  short  tube  or 
cylinder  is  attached  to  the  bottom,  which  is  intended  to  be  slightly 
submerged  under  the  standing  tail-water  ;  it  has  a  flange  with  its  face 
turned  and  with  bolt  holes,  as  the  illustration  shows,  to  which  an  iron 
tube  can  be  attached,  and  by  a  little  care  a  perfectly  air  tight  joint 
can  be  made  ;  the  tube  may  be  any  length,  provided  the  perpendicular 
height  from  wheel  to  tailwater  does  not  exceed  28  to  30  feet  ;  in  all 
cases,  however,  where  the  draft  tube  becomes  necessary,  make  it  as 
short  as  possible.  In  cases  where  such  draft  tube  is  used,  of  course 
the  entire  casing  can  be  set  higher,  and  sometimes  in  a  more  conven- 
ient location. 

The  n)etho4s  usually  employed  in  setting  this  conibine4  wh^^l  and 


24  JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 

Globe  Case  are  illustrated  in  several  pages  further  along  in  this 
pamphlet.  The  one  to  be  preferred,  however,  is  that  shown  in  cut  of 
Circular  Saw  Mill,  where  the  quarter  turn  belt  is  used.  A  good  sub- 
stantial foundation  of  stone  is  built,  upon  which  timbers  are  bolted  or 
permantly  laid,  and  to  these  timbers  the  horizontal  flanges  or  lugs  at 
the  sides  and  center  of  globe  are  fastened.  These  foundation  lugs  are 
almost  exclusively  made  now  as  shown  in  that  cut,  projecting  from 
the  central  part,  as  the  engraving  on  the  foregoing  page  (22)  rep- 
resents. By  placing  them  centrally  and  on  the  sides,  the  wheel  and 
globe  can  be  more  conveniently  set,  and  mvich  more  solidly  located. 

It  is  of  covirse  understood  that  our  Wheel  and  its  case  are  con- 
structed in  the  ordinary  manner,  with  the  exception  that  the  shaft  is 
made  longer,  in  order  to  adapt  it  to  the  Globe.  They  are  then  placed 
inside  of  this  flume  or  outward  casing,  as  it  may  be  termed.  To  the 
Globe  Casing  may  be  attached  any  length  and  shape  of  piping  desir- 
ed ;  several  of  the  following  illustrations  represent  such  attachments. 
Often  it  is  unnecessary  to  connect  any  piping  to  it,  as  the  location  of 
wood  flume  is  such  as  to  admit  of  bolting  the  inlet  flange  directly  to 
the  planking  as  some  of  the  cuts  illustrate  ;  but  we  would  prefer  in 
almost  all  cases  to  use  a  short,  straight  tube  of  four  to  ten  feet,  thus 
placing  the  casing  in  a  dryer  location,  since  all  the  wooden  flumes 
are  more  or  less  subject,  after  a  few  years,  to  leakage,  and  all  objects 
near  liable  to  dampness. 

■  We  cannot  say  too  much  in  praise  of  this  Casing,  particularly  for 
high  falls  ;  being  made  strong  and  watertight,  it  will  always  remain 
so.  It  has  been  fviUy  tried  and  tested  under  almost  every  circum- 
stance, and  has  proven  in  the  highest  degree  satisfactory  ;  some 
of  them  are  under  heads  from  80  to  260  feet  and  stand  the  tremendous 
pressure  admirably.  In  fact,  almost  all  of  our  small  Wheels  up  to 
20  inches  diameter  are  now  ordered  by  our  customers  to  be  encased 
in  this  manner,  such  has  been  the  satisfaction  they  have  given.  Of 
course  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  use  it,  except  in  particular  in- 
stances, where  a  want  of  space  or  other  circumstances  would  prevent 
the  erection  or  use  of  a  wood  flume  or  box  in  which  to  place  the  wheel  ; 
but  any  time  and  under  almost  any  condition  it  is  preferable  and  makes 
a  number  one  arrangement,  especiall}-  in  any  case  whatsoever  where 
the  power  is  taken  off  below  headwater.  But  its  greatest  convenience 
is  locating  wheels  under  mills,  and  in  other  diflficult  places,  where 
posts,  foundations,  walls,  etc.,  can  not  be  removed  ;  such  difficulties 
being  obviated  by  the  compactness  of  its  form,  and  the  ease  with 
which  it  can  be  connected  to  the  headwater  by  a  pipe  of  suitable  size. 

Six  Large  Wheels  in  his  Saw  and  Shingle  Mills, 

Merrill,  Wisconsin  January  9th,  1883. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio. 

Gents. — I  am  using  six  of  your  wheels,  size  from  48  inch  to  72  inch,  and  they 
perform  all  that  they  are  recommended  to  do,  and  I  regard  them  as  ihe  best  wheel  in 
yse  in  this  locality.     They  give  me  perfect  satisfaction.  Yours  truly, 

THuMAS  B,  SCOTT. 


JAMES  LEFFEL  &  CO.,  SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO.  25 

Wheels  Running  18  Years— 20  Barrels  Flour  per  Hour. 

Three  Rivers,  Mich.,  April  i,  1885, 
James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio  : 

Dear  Sirs-I  am  using  three  of  your  old  style  Water  Wheels  to  run  my  flouring 
mill,  which  is  a  full  roller  mill  with  complete  set  of  machinery,  and  make  on  an  aver- 
age'20  barrels  per  hour  but  have  made  more.  The  working  head  of  water  under 
favorable  circumstances  is  12  feet,  and  use  two  48  wheels  of  13  buckefs  to  drive 
the  rolls,  and  one  48  wheel  with  16  buckets  for  driving  machinery.  The  wheels 
that  drive  the  rolls  are  generally  used  full  gate,  the  machinery  wheel  generally  about 
%  gate.  The  wheels  are  giving  good  satisfaction,  run  every  day,  and  have  not  need- 
ed repairing  since  they  were  re-set  over  two  years  ago.  Two  of  the  wheels  have 
been  in  constant  use  about  18  years,  and  I  think  run  just  as  well  as  when  new. 

Yours  truly,  W.  G.  CALDWELL.  Supt., 

ForL.  EMERY,  Jr. 

Mining  Wheels  Under  182  and  100  Ft.  Heads. 

Dahlonega,  Ga.,  April  ist,  1885. 
Messrs,  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio: 

Gentlemen— In  reply  to  your  favor  of  25th  inst  touching  the  performance  of 
your  Leffel  Wheel  in  this  section,  I  will  say,  I  have,  as  you  know  sold  anumber  of 
your  wheels,  and  never  in  the  first  instance  have  I  heard  a  complaint.  One  wheel 
(1334  inch  mining  special  pattern)  running  under  i8a  ft.  head,  driving  60  stamps  with 
about  fg  gate  and  gives  equally  good  results  with  partial  or  less  gate  driving  a  less 
number  of  stamps.  Another  wheel,  same  size  under  100  ft.  head  driving  20  stamps 
with  half  gate  and  parties  say  no  more  trouble  than  a  low  pressure  wheel  near  here. 
Two  wheels  23  inch  driving  grist  mill  under  12  it.  head,  12  or  15  bushels  of  corn  per 
hour,  with  half  gate  and  doing  fair  work  under  only  6  ft.  head  at  times,  which  gives 
entire  satisfaction.  One  44  and  one  56  under  about  18  ft.  head,  doing  heavy  duty  at 
the  "  Garnet"  mine  driving  pump  and  stamps,  and  parties  say  working  fully  up  to 
the  guarantee  and  gives  entire  satisfaction.  I  can  hear  no  other  expression  from  the 
use. of  your  wheels,  than  as  above  stated  and  I  will  add,  as  a  millwright  and  mechan- 
ic, that  I  believe  them  to  be  the  best  wheel  in  the  market,  and  cannot  fail  .to  give 
satisfaction  in  every  instance  where  properly  erected. 
With  respect  I  am  Yours  truly. 

FRANK  W.  HALL. 

Using  Six,  Never  give  any  Trouble. 

Cedar  Falls,  Iowa,  April  4th,  1884. 
James  Leffel  <&  Co.: 

I  am  highly  pleased  with  your  Water  Wheels,  which  have  never  given  me  trou- 
ble. I  am  using  six  of  your  make  and  two  of  others,  a  Jonval  and  a  Houston;  the  lat- 
ter are  fine  wheels  but  bad  gateage.  I  use  a  thirty  special  Leffel  to  drive  my  Midly's 
stone;  a  forty  eight  special  to  drive  machinery  in  flour  mill;  a  forty  to  drive  just  six 
breaks  (Roller  Mills) ;  a  forty  eight  to  drive  8  pairs  smoth  Roller  Mills,  a  forty  and  a 
forty  eight  to  drive  fuel  mill,  all  under  an  eigh  t  to  ten  foot  head. 

I  am  respectfully  yours,  G.  N.  MINER. 

Driving  18  Pairg  Rollers. 

Grafton,  Wis.,  March  Both,  1885. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Gentlemen— The  44  inch,  special  size  of  Water  Wheel  we  bought  of  you  works 
excellent;  it  is  running  under  13—14  feet  head  with  3^  of  gate;  it  drives  the  whole 
mill,  containing  18  pair  of  rollers;  one  3)^  foot  middling  stone;  one  4%  foot  feed 
stone;  one  brush  machine;  one  scourer;  one  separator;  four  dust  collectors 
five  centrifugal  reels;  one  bran  duster;  four  purifiers;  nine  scalping  reels;  two 
flour  packers ;  37  elevators  ;  two  4  reel  Rolling  chest.  We  had  a  263^  inch  wheel  in 
our  old  mill,  which  we  have  sold  now  for  8100,  which  was  in  use  every  working  day 
since  1870.  Yours  truly, 

JJ,  SxMIlH&CO. 


JAMES   LEFFEL   *  CO.,  SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO. 


27 


28 


JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 


JAMftS  LEFPEL  4  CO.,  SPRIIJGFIELO,  OHIO. 


2q 


^ 


JAMES  tEFFEL*S  TURBl^fi  WATfiR  WltEEL, 


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jAMCs  lef'f'eL  *  CO.,  sPllt^fGt^lELt>,  onto.  ^1 

OUTLINE  PLATE  OF  GLOBE  SHOWING   DIMENSIONS. 

This  plate  is  to  be  examined  in  connection  with  the  table  on  fore- 
going page,  in  order  that  each  dimension  may  be  easily  recognized 
and  understood.  Like  lettering  in  each  indicates  the  proper  numbers  or 
dimensions.  A  mere  examination  and  comparison  of  both  will  render 
further  explanation  on  that  point  unnecessary. 


One  Wheel  Driving  Eight  Run  of  Stone,  Etc. 

Syracuse,  New  York,  February  5,  1881. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co. ,  Springfield,  Ohio  : 

Gents — It  is  now  about  two  years  since  we  have  been  running  your  40!  ch  wheel. 
and  we  must  say  that  it  gives  entire  satisfaction.  We  are  very  much  pleased  with  it. 
It  does  all  the  work  you  claimed  it  would  do,  and  a  little  more.  We  have  a  26  foot 
fall  and  run  eight  run  of  four  and  one-half  foot  stone,  two  set  of  rolls,  and  all  the 
necessary  elevators,  bolts,  etc.  JACOB  AMOS  &  SONS. 


3^ 


JAMES  LEtf^EL's  TURBINfi  WAtfeR  WMEEt^ 


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Dis.  from  wheel 
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Dis.between  cen- 
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JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO. 


3^ 


34 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

Me  Specially  Arranged,  Expressly  for  James  Leffel's  Improved  BouDle  Mine. 


HMD.I    SIZE  OF  WHEELS. 

6%  1  7%  1  8%  1  10  1 11^  I13MI15MI 17^^!  20  1  23  1263^ 

3 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

•  IS 

360 

.20 
39 
313 

.25 
49 
273 

.33 
67 

239 

15 

207 

116 
180 

.76 
151 

157 

.97 
197 
136 

26? 
119 

1-7 
347 
104 

2.2 
451 
90 

4 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

.22 

.30 

.38 

57 

315 

.52 

77 

275 

.67 
100 
240 

.90 
134 
208 

1.0 
174 
181 

1-5 
227 
158 

2.0 
301 
1.38 

2.6 
401 
119 

3-5 
521 
104 

5 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

1 

.42 

50 

405 

•  53 

64 

352 

308 

•94 
112 
268 

1.2 
149 
233 

1.6 
194 
202 

2.1 

254 
176 

2.8 
336 
154 

134 

4.8 
116 

6 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

•41 
41 
510 

•56 

55 

444 

.70 

70 

386 

•95 
94 
337 

I  2 
123 
293 

1.6 
164 
255 

2.1 
213 
221 

2.8 
278 
193 

169 

4-9 
491 

147 

6.4 
638 
127 

T 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic/eet 

Revolutions.... 

.52 
44 
551 

.70 

60 

478 

.88 

75 

417 

I.I 
102 

364 

1-5 
133 
317 

2.0 

177 
275 

2.7 
230 
239 

3.5 
301 
208 

4.6 

It 

6.2 

531 
159 

8.1 
690 
138 

8 

Horse  Power... 
Cubic  Feet   .. 
Revolutions.... 

.63 
47 
588 

.86 
64 
5" 

1.0 

80 

446 

1.4 
109 
390 

1.9 
144 
339 

HI 

294 

3-3 
246 
256 

4-3 
321 
223 

5-7 
425 
195 

7.6 
567 
169 

9.0 
737 
147 

9 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

.76 
624 

i.o 
68 
542 

1.2 

85 
473 

1-7 
115 
414 

2.2 
150 
359 

3-0 
201 
312 

261 
271 

5.1 

236 

6.8 
451 
207 

1° 
180 

11.8 

1% 

10 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

.89 

1.2 

71 

572 

1-5 

9° 
498 

2  0 
122 
436 

2.6 
159 
379 

3-5 
211 

329 

4.6 
275 
286 

6.0 
359 
249 

7-9 
476 
218 

10.6 
634 
190 

.64 

11 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

1.0 

1.3 

1.7 
94 
523 

2-3 

128 
457 

3-0 
166 
397 

4.0 
222 

345 

300 

6.9 

377 
261 

9.2 

499 
229 

12.2 
665 
199 

173 

12 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

I.I 

58 
721 

1.6 

78 

626 

1 

546 

2.6 

133 
473 

3-5 
174 
415 

4.6 
232 
360 

e.o 
301 
313 

7-9 
393 
273 

10.4 
521 
239 

Vs 

208 

I8.I 

903 
180 

13 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

-6^ 

750 

652 

2.2 
102 

568 

30 
139 
497 

181 
432 

5-2 

S41 

375 

6.8 

313 
226 

8.9 
410 
284 

II. 8 
542 
249 

15-7 
723 
217 

20.5 
940 

188 

14 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

779 

1.6 

65 

806 

2.2 

87 
700 

2-5 

106 
590 

3-3 
144 
516 

4.4 
188 
448 

5.8 
250 
389 

7.6 
325 
338 

lO.O 

425 
295 

132 
563 
258 

17.6 
750 
224 

22.9 

975 
195 

15 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

2.7 
110 
610 

3-7 
149 
534 

4.8 
194 
464 

6.5 
259 
403 

8.4 
337 
350 

II. 0 
440 
305 

14.6 
582 
267 

19-5 
777 
232 

254 
1009 
201 

16 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

1-7 
832 

2.4 
90 

723 

3.0 
114 

630 

41 

154 
551 

5-3 
201 

479 

416 

9-3 
348 
362 

12.2 
455 
315 

16.1 
602 
276 

^0^ 
240 

28.0 
'Vol 

17 

Horse  Power... 
Cubic  Feet  ... 
Revolutions 

69 
869 

2.6 
93 
745 

3-3 
117 
650 

4-5 
159 
568 

5-9 
207 

494 

276 
429 

10.2 
358 
373 

13^3 
469 
325 

620 
284 

242 

30.6 
1075 
214 

1  Horse  Power... 

18  Cubic  Feet 

1  Revolutions 

2.1 
8?3 

2.8 
94 
767 

3-6 
121 
668 

4^9 
163 
585 

6.4 
213 
508 

284 

441 

II. I 
369 
384 

14^5 
482 
334 

19.2 
638 
293 

V. 

254 

221 

19 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

73 
907 

^98 
788 

3-9 
124 
687 

i^6i 
601 

6.9 
219 
522 

9.2 
291 

454 

12.0 
379 
394 

15-7 
495 
343 

20.9 
656 
300 

27.8 
874 
261 

36.2 
1136 
227 

1  Horse  Power... 

20  Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

2.5 

75 
931 

3-3 
loi 
809 

4.2 
127 
704 

5-7 
172 
617 

7-5 
224 

536 

lO.O 

7s 

13.0 
489 
405 

17.0 
508 
352 

22.5 
673 
308 

!i 

391 
1166 

233 

21 

Horse  Power... 
Cubic  Feet  .... 
Revolutions 

2.7 

77 

954 

3.6 
103 
828 

4-5 
130 
722 

6.2 
176 
632 

8.1 
230 
549 

477 

14.0 
398 
414 

18.3 

521 

361 

316 

32.3 
919 

275 

42.1 

1 194 

_23_8 

See  explanation  page '45.     Price  list  page  49. 


JAMES    LEFFEL   &   CO.,   SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO. 


35 


Me  SpeciaUy  Arranged,  Expressly  lor  James  Leffel's  Improyed  DouDle  mine. 

HEIL 

SIZE  OP  WHEELS.   \  eValT/s  \  8H\  10  \ IVA I13MI15KI ITAl  20  1  23  12634 

22 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

7 

976 

3-9 
106 

847 

4-9 
133 
739 

6.6 
180 
647 

8.6 
235 
567 

"•5 
313 
488 

15.0 
407 
424 

19.6 
533 
369 

26,0 
705 
323 

34  7 
940 
281 

45  I 
1223 
244 

23 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions... 

998 

4.1 
108 
867 

5-2 

136 
756 

/8: 
661 

9.2 
241 
574 

12.0 
321 
499 

16.0 
417 

433 

21.0 
545 
378 

27.8 
721 
331 

37-1 
962 
287 

48.2 
1250 
249 

24 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Pevolutions 

'si 
1019 

4.4 
III 
886 

5-6 
139 
772 

7-5 
188 
67s 

246 
587 

13  I 
327 
510 

17.1 
426 
443 

22.4 

We 

29.6 

Si 

39-5 
982 
294 

51.4 
1277 
255 

25 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

1046 

4-7 
"3 
904 

5-9 
142 
788 

8.0 

1% 

10.5 
251 

599 

14.0 
334 
520 

18.2 
434 

452 

23.8 
568 
394 

31S 
752 
345 

42.0 
1003 
300 

1306 
260 

26 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

I06I 

5.0 
"5 
922 

6.3 
144 
803 

'4 

703 

II. I 

256 
611 

14.8 
331 

530 

19-3 
443 
461 

25.2 

579 
402 

33.4 
767 
341 

44.6 
1022 
306 

57.9 
1329 
265 

27 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

3-9 

87 

1081 

5-3 
117 

939 

66 
148 
819 

9.0 
200 
716 

11.8 
260 
622 

15-7 
347 
540 

20.4 
451 
470 

267 
590 
409 

35.4 
781 
358 

47.2 
1042 
3" 

61.3 
1354 
270 

28 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

^88 

IIOI 

5.6 
119 
956 

7.0 
150 

835 

9-5 
203 
729 

12.4 
265 
634 

16.6 
354 
550 

21.6 
460 
478 

28.2 
602 
417 

796 
365 

49.8 
106 1 
317 

64.8 
1379 
275 

29 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

4-3 

90 

1120 

5-9 
121 

973 

7-4 
83 

lO.O 

207 

744 

13.1 
270 
645 

1 

560 

22.7 
467 
487 

424 

39-4 
810 

371 

52.5 
1079 
323 

68.3 
1404 
280 

30 

Horse  Power. .. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

46 

92 

1 140 

6.2 
124 
990 

'56 
863 

10  6 
211 

755 

13-8 
275 
657 

18.4 
365 
570 

23.9 
476 

495 

31-3 
622 

431 

41.4 
824 
378 

1098 
328 

71.8 
1428 
285 

31 

Horse  Powei  ... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

4.8 
93 

1158 

1007 

8.2 
158 
877 

II. I 
214 

767 

14-5 
279 
667 

193 
372 
579 

25.1 

484 
503 

32.9 
633 
439 

^8^3^7 
384 

58.0 
1117 
334 

75-5 
1451 
290 

32 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

50 

95 

1177 

6.8 

128 

1024 

8.6 
161 
891 

II. 6 
217 
780 

15-2 

284 
678 

20.3 

26.4 
492 
511 

446 

390 

60.9 
"34 

339 

79.1 

1475 

294 

33 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

"95 

71 
130 
1039 

9^0 
163 
905 

12.2 
221 
792 

15-9 
288 
688 

21.2 

276 
499 
519 

36.1 
653 
453 

47.8 
864 
396 

63.7 
1152 
344 

82.9 

1497 
299 

34 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

5-5 

97 

1213 

7-5 

132 

1055 

9-4 
166 
919 

12.7 
224 
804 

16.6 
292 
699 

22.2 
390 
607 

28.9 
507 
527 

37-8 
663 
459 

50.0 
877 
402 

66.7 
1 169 
350 

86.7 
1520 
303 

35 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

5.8 

99 

1231 

7.8 

134 

1070 

9.8 
168 
932 

133 
227 
816 

17-4 
297 
709 

23.2 
396 
616 

30.2 
514 

535 

^6^7^ 
466 

52.2 
890 
408 

69.7 
1186 
355 

90.6 
1542 
308 

36 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

6.0 
100 
1249 

8.1 

139 
1085 

10.3 
171 

945 

139 
231 
837 

18.1 
301 

719! 

24.2 1      31.5 
401 1         521 
624I         542 

41. 1 
682 
473 

54.5 
902 
414 

72.6 
1203 
360 

94-4 
1564 
312 

37 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

6.3 
102 
1266 

85 
137 

HOC 

10.7 
173 
958 

14.4 
234 
838 

18.9 
305 
729 

25.21      328 
407 1        523 

633      5SO 

42.9 
691 
479 

56.8 
915 
419 

75.7 
1220 
365 

984 
1585 
316 

38 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

6.5 
103 
1283 

8.8 

139 

1115 

II. I 
175 
971 

15  X 
237 
850 

738 

26.2 
412 
641 

536 
557 

44.6 
700 
486 

59- X 
927 
425 

78.8 
1236 

309 

102.4 

1607 

321 

39 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

6.8 
104 
1299 

9.2 

141 

1 129 

11.6 
177 
984 

15-7 
240 
861 

2a  4 
313 
747 

27-3 
050 

35-5 

543 
564 

46.4 
710 
492 

61.4 
939 
430 

81.9 
1252 
374 

106.5 
1628 
325 

40 

Horse  Power... 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions 

7.0 

106 

13x6 

9-5 

143 

1144 

12.0      16.3 
180       243 
996       874 

21.2 

658 

36.8 

550 

_J72 

48.2 
III 

63.8 
436 

85.1 
1268 
379 

110.6 
1648 
329 

See  explanation  page  45.     Price  list  page  49. 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 


Me  SpeciaUy  Arranged,  Expressly  for  James  Leffel's  improYefl  DonDle  TnrMiie. 

BEHO.I  SIZE  OP  WHEELS. 

303^  1  35  1  40  1  44  I  48  1  56  1  61  1  66  1  74  1  87 

3 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.,.. 

3-0 

6o2 

78 

39 

11 

5-2 

5-9 
1213 

55 

1506 
50 

I3-I 

2556 
42 

15 1 

3010 

40 

18.1 

3612 

36 

22.0 

4419 

32 

29.0 

5761 

28 

4 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

4.6 
695 
90 

61 

916 

79 

8.0 

1203 

69 

9-4 
1400 

63 

II. 6 

1738 

57 

19.7 

2931 

49 

233 
3416 

45 

28  0 

4170 

40 

37 

44-7 
6662 

33 

5 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions,... 

6.5 
777 

lOI 

8.5 

II. 2 

1345 
77 

13-1 

1568 

70 

16.3 

1942 

64 

27.6 

3273 

55 

32.6 

3884 

50 

39-1 
4602 

44 

47.8 

5706 

41 

62.4 

7440 

37 

6 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

8.5 
851 
III 

II. 2 

1121 

96 

14.8 

17.2 

1717 

77 

21.4 

2128 

70 

36.3 

3587 

60 

42.8 

4256 

55 

51-4 

5109 

47 

62.9 

6247 

45 

82.0 

8152 

40 

7 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.,.. 

10.8 
920 
120 

14.2 

1211 

104 

18.8 

1592 

91 

21.9 

1857 

83 

27.0 

2290 

77 

45-7 

3875 

65 

54.0 

4598 

60 

648 

5520 

50 

79-3 
6760 

49 

103.4 

8817 

43 

8 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.  .. 

13.2 

17-3 

1295 

III 

22.8 

1701 

97 

266 

32.9 
2457 

55-9 

4143 

69 

65-9 

4914 

64 

/§8 

54 

96.9 

7214 

53 

126.4 

9415 

46 

9 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

15-7 

1043 

136 

20.7 

^373 
118 

1804 
103 

3-.8 

2IIO 

94 

2607 
86 

66.7 

4457 

74 

78.7 

58 

% 

150.8 
9994 
.  49 

10 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

18.4 

1099 

143 

24  3 

1448 

125 

31-9 

1902 

109 

37-2 

2211 

100 

46.1 

2747 

91 

78.1 

4646 

78 

92-2 

5494 

71 

110,6 

6594 

63 

'8075 
59 

176.7 

10534 

52 

11 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

21.2 

1153 

150 

28.0 

1518 

132 

36.8 
1995 
114 

45.0 

2324 

104 

53-2 

2882 

95 

90.2 

4857 
82 

106.4 

5764 

75 

127.6 

7783 
67 

156.2 

8472 

62 

203.8 

1 1057 

54 

12 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

24.2 

1204 

157 

1586 
136 

41.9 

2083 

119 

49-3 

2426 

109 

60.6 

3009 

99 

102.7 

5075 

85 

121. 2 

6018 

78 

145.4 

7224 

72 

178.1 

8839 

65 

232.3 

11541 

57 

13 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

273 

1253 

163 

36.0 

1650 

142 

47-3 

2168 

124 

55-1 

2529 

114 

68.3 

3132 

104 

115.8 

5282 

89 

136,6 

6264 

81 

163.9 

7518 

75 

200,8 

9207 

67 

261.9 

12006 

59 

14 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

30-5 

1300 

169 

40.2 
'III 

52.8 

2251 

129 

61.6 

2622 

118 

76.3 

3251 

107 

129.5 

5481 

92 

152.7 

6502 

84 

183.3 

7800 

78 

224.4 

9555 

70 

292.7 

12461 

61 

15 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

1346 
175 

446 

1773 

153 

58.6 

2330 

133 

68.4 

2716 

122 

84.7 

3365 

III 

143-6 

5673 

97 

169.4 

203.2 

8076 

80 

248.9 

9883 

72 

324.6 

12898 

64 

16 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

37-3 

1390 

181 

158 

64.6 

2406 

138 

75-3 

2809 

126 

93-3 

3475 

115 

158,2 

5858 

99 

186.6 

6950 

90 

223.9 

8340 

82 

274.1 

10222 

74 

357-7 

17 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

40.8 

1433 
187 

538 

1888 

162 

70.7 

2480 

142 

82.6 

2893 

130 

102.2 

3583 

118 

173.1 
6041 

lOI 

204.4 

7166 

93 

^^H 

x 

300,3 

10532 

77 

391-7 

18 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions,... 

44-5 

1475 

192 

58.6 

1943 

167 

77.1 

2552 

146 

89.8 

2977 

134 

III. 3 

3687 

122 

188.8 

6220 

104 

222.7 

7374 

96 

8850 
87 

327.2 

10831 

79 

426.8 

14131 

70 

19 
20 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.. 

48.3 

1515 

197 

63.6 

1996 

172 

83.6 

2622 

150 

97-5 

3051 

^  137 

120.7 

3787 

125 

209^7 

6387 

107 

2415 

7574 

98 

289.8 

354.8 
11131 

462.8 

14520 

72 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.. 

52.1 

1554 
202 

68.7 

2048 

176 

90.3 

2690 

154 

106,3 

3136 

141 

130-4 

3885 

128 

221.1 

6553 
110 

260.8 
7770 

lOI 

313.0 

9325 

91 

3833 

1 142 1 

83 

499.9 

14900 

73 

21 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions..., 

56.1 
1592 
207 

73-9 
180 

97.1 

2756 

158 

116.8 

3214 

145 

140-3 

398^ 

132 

237.8^ 

6713 

112 

280.6 

7962 

103 

336.7 

9552 

93 

i^;6i 
85 

534-3 

15158 

74 

,-    l.-of    ^ 

See  explanation  page  45.      Price  list  page  49. 


JAMES  LEPPEL  k  CO.,   SPRINOJ'IELD,    OHIO. 


37 


Me  specially  Arranged,  Expressly  for  James  Leirel's  Improved  DouDle  TurMne. 

HEIB.I  SIZE  OF  WHEELS. 

30>^l  35  1  40  1  44  1  48  1  56  1  61 

1  66  1  74 

L87_ 

5728 

1  Horse  Power.. 

22lCubic  Feet 

1  Revolutions.... 

6o.i 

1630 
211 

79-2 

2147 

185 

104. 1     125.2     150.4 

2821      3393      4074 

162I       148        135 

^i£6 

272.6 

7023 

118 

300.8 
8148 
106 
321.6 
8332 
108 

361.0 
9798 

95 
388.1 
10002 

97 

444-8 

12049 

86 

1  Horse  Powei.. 

23'Cubic  Feet 

1  Revolutions.... 

64.3I     84.7 
1667      2195 
217        189 

HI. 3 

2884 
165 

1    133.9     160.8 
1     3470      4166 
1       151         138 

475.5      6l2.2 

12322    15862 
88         77 

1  Horse  Power.. 

24'Cubic  Feet 

jRevolutions... 

68.5 
1703 

221 

1     90-3 
2243 

1       193 

118.6 

2947 

169 

142.7     171.4 

3545      4256 

155        141 

290.5    342.8 
7175     8512 

12l|           HO 

4114 

10218 

100 

506.9 

12589 
90 

652.7 
16214 

79 

Horse  Power.. 

25  Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

1738 
226 

96.0 

2289 

197 

126.1 

3007 

172 

151.7 

3618 

158 

182.2 

4344 
144 

309. 1 1     364.5 

7325      8688 
123        113 

437.4 

10428 

102 

538.9 

12847 

91 

693.8 
16544 

1  Horse  Power.. 

26lCubic  Feet 

[Revolutions.... 

77.3I    IOI.8 
1772      2334 
230        201 

133-8 

3067 

176 

160.9 

3688 

161 

193-3 

4430 

146 

330.2 

7468 

126 

386.6 

8860 

"5 

463  9 

10632 

105 

572. 1 1   734.8 

13098    16874 

93          82 

27 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

81.81    107.7 
1806      2379 
235        205 

141.6 

3125 

179 

170-3 

■3760 

164 

204.5 

4514 

149 

346.8 

8612 

128 

408.1 

9028 

117 

490.9 

10836 

108 

604. 8|    779.0 

133491  17182 

95I         84 

28 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

86.4I    II3-8 
1838I     2422 
2391       208 

1495 

3182 

182 

179.8 

3826 

167 

216.0I    366.1 

4597      7749 
152        130 

432.0 

9194 

119 

518.4 

1102S 

110 

638. 6|   822.4 

13587I  17511 

97          85 

29 

Horae  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

91  0 
1871 
243 

"9  9 

2465 

212 

157-6 

3238 

168 

189.5 

3890 

170 

227. 61    386.0 

4678I     7887 

155I       132 

455.3 
9356 

121 

546.4 

11226 

113 

673.1 
13830 

99 

867.0 

30 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

95.8 
1904 
248 

126.2 

2508 

216 

165.8 

'?4 

199-5 

3964 

173 

239.6 

4759 

157 

406.3 

8025 

135 

479-2 

9518 

124 

595.1 

11424 

115 

708.5I   912.3 

14084    18128 

100         88 

31 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

100.  e 
1935 
252 

132.6 

2884 

219 

174.2 

3349 
192 

209.6 

4025 

176 

251.6 

427-9 

8157 

137 

503.3 

nit 

605.1 

11610 

117 

744-2 

14340 

102 

958.1 

18414 

90 

32 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

105.5 
1966 
256 

139.0 

2590 

223 

182.7 

3403 

395 

219.7 

4093 

178 

263.9 

4915 

162 

440.0 

8330 

139 

527.9 

9830 

128 

633.4 

11796 

120 

7804 

14533 
104 

1005. 1 

18722 

91 

33 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

1996 
260 

1456 

2630 

226 

191  3 

3455 

198 

230.1 

4155 

181 

276-4 

4991 

165 

469.1 

8412 

142 

552.8 

9982 

130 

663.4 

11976 

122 

817.3  1052.4 

14755    19008 

105          93 

34 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions... 

115.6 

2027 

264 

152.2 

2670 

230 

200.1 

3508 

201 

240.7 

4224 

184 

289.1 

5067 

167 

490.2 

8593 
144 

578.2 

10134 

132 

693-9 

12162 

124 

854.8  itoo.8 

14984    19294 

107 1         94 

1  Horse  Power.. 

35jCubic  Feet 

jRevolutions,... 

120.8 

2057 

268 

159.1 
2709 
233 

209.0 

3560 

204 

251.4 

4282 

187 

302.0 

5142 

170 

512.7 

8731 

147 

604.0 

10284 

134 

724-8 

12342 

126 

893.0  1149  9 

15205!   19580 

io8|         96 

1  Horse  Power.. 

36|Cubic  Feet 

JRevolutions.... 

125^9 

2085 

271 

1659 

2747 

236 

286.0 
3609 
207 

262,2 

4341 

189 

314.9 

5213 

172 

149 

629.9  7558 

10426  12510 

1361    128 

931-2 

15413 

110 

1199.2 

19844 

97 

37 

Horse  Power. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

131.2 
2114 

275 

172.9 

2785 

240 

227.1 
3658 
210 

273-2 

4401 

192 

328.1 

5286 

172 

550.6 

8951 

150 

656.3 

10572 

137 

fJil 

130 

970.2 
15626 

HI 

1249.6 

20130 

98 

Horse  Power.. 

38  Cubic  Feet 

1  Revolutions... 

136.6 
2142 
279 

179,9 

2822 

243 

236.4 

3708 

212 

284.4 

4459 

194 

341.5 

5356 

177 

580.2 

9075 

t53 

683.1 

10712 

139 

819.7 

12852 

133 

1009.9 

15733 

113 

1300.6 

20394 

100 

Horse  Power.. 

39  Cubic  Feet 

jRevolutions.... 

142.0 

187.1 

2859 

246 

2458 

3756 

215 

295-6 

4517 

197 

355-1 

5425 

179 

612.3 

9^93 

155 

710.1 

10850 

141 

852.2 
13020 

135 

IO49.9I  I352.I 

16041      20658 

114         lOl 

40 

Horse  Power.. 

Cubic  Feet 

Revolutions.... 

X477 

2189 

286 

194.3 
2895 
249 

255.3 

3804 

218 

307.1 

4576 

200 

368.8 

5495 

182 

629.8 

9230 

^57 

737.7 
10990 

143 

885.1 

13188 

137 

1090. 5 1  1404.4 

16248J  20922 

1161       102 

See  explanation  page  45.    Price  list  page  49, 


38 


JAMES  LEPFEL's  turbine  WATER  WHEEL, 


H 

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C<    ro  ro  -^  •^  LTiO  O  O   t^  r^OO  OOONONOOO^'-'NNrororO-^TfLO  li-ivO 

s 

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u-iTj-M    OOOvO    ri-  O    t^LoroO   t^^^ti-iOO   u->n    OnO    ro  OnO    N  00   lo  w  00    rf  O 
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t^O   Ln-^roN    "    OOO   t^vo-*N    OOOO    ^^O)    OoOO   rowoo   LnroOQO>^N 
O    r^OO    ON  O    i-i    M    fO  oo  -^  voO    r^OO  OOONQi-iNNrO'^LO  voO    r^OO  00    ON  Q 
t^  t^  t^  t^OO  0000000000000000000000    OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnO 

Ooor^OOOO    -"^roO   ON  r^O   mO   OO  lo-^O   o   cr^o   q   row   -"d-q   f^OM^ 
oi   o5    rn  '^  Tl-  lAo  t^oo'  00   Cn  •-<'   N   fO  '^  ri-  liSo*   t^od  00   d   i-<^  oJ   ^2  4  ^o^  t;^Qd 

0 

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!ii|c^MNNNNC<NN«(NMMNNNNC^r^MfOrofOrorofOrororom|| 

04    ro  oo  -"t  Tt-  Tt  LOO    vOTtrOTl-C004    w    04    «    O    OnOO    r^O    lO  04    O  oo   t^O    •>$  04 
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OOOOOnOnOnOnOnOnCTnOnOnOnOOOOOOOOOOO^^I^IIIJ^^JI^j 

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t^  t4  t^od  00    On  CTN  d    «    •-<'    04*    04    oo  4-  »jSo  O    t^OO    ONCrNd    «    04    ro-^i^  lAo  O 
HHh-CHHi-iwi-.i-i04040401040401040404040404040OfOrorOrOrOfO0Om 

C3 

04    Ti-vo  00    O    '-'    OOO  00    O    ro  tJ-O  00    O    04    roO  00    O    m    roO  00    O    04    OO  tJ-O    t> 
OOOOOOOOONONONaNONOOOOOi-''-ii-''-''-0)0)0404    04rorOOOOOrofO 
«„^„„«„««NMC^NO40404O40404O)04O4O10404O4O404NO4 

00004O0000404    t1-0  00OOOO0000004000000i-i0Q    OnOO 
Q    04    ro  -"t  »^  t--00    ON  O    w    04    ro  '^  "->0  00    On  O    «    04    ro  -rl-  lOO    l-^OO    On  O    O    - 
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s 

00    oooo    O    04    LOt^M    LOt^ON-^  t^OO    N    Tl-O  00    O    O    04    OO  LO  OnO   tOOO    O    ON  •-. 
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>H   w   M   r<   CI   N   r<   04   o<   04   04   rooofOoorooooooo-'d-'^'^'^'^'^'^"^"^"^"^ 

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0 

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100    On  O    04    ro  Th  \oO    t^  On  O    "-i    04    ro  loO    t^OO    On  O    "-i    04    ro  "^  loO   r^OO    On  O 
00'-«'-i>-i'-i'-''-i>-'i-'040404040404N0404oooororororororororOTt 

0400     rfOO    0400    0400    ^  O    O    L0«000    040000    04    LOt^O    '^O    On  C^  O  00    O 
ro  -^O  00    ONi-i    04    Ti-LOt~--ONO    M    rOTj-LO  t^OO    On  i-h    OJ    ro  loO   t^OO    O    "-i    04    rf 
rororororOTj-Tj-rl-'^'^-^LOLOLOLOLOLOio  loO  OOOOOO   t^t^t^l^ 

04    -^00    O    ro  "^  ON  04    L^OO    M    T^  t^  O    rOO    On  04    lOOO    O    roO    O    04  O    t^  q    rj-  C^ 
t^  !>.  t^od  ododod    <>  d^  6^  6    6    6    «*    «    •-;    «    oi    n"    n'    rororo-rfrt-TJ-Tt-LOvoLri 

1 

JAMES  LEPPEL  6c  CO.,  fePftlNGPIELt),  OHtO.  ^g 


t—  O  OO  ^  OO  rOOO  ^  O  ■^00  CJO  OO  >-<  LOO'Tt-OO  O  •rhOroi^NvO  Q  •^■OO 
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cj   t^  t^  t^  r-^  i^  1-^  r^  t^  t^  i-^  1^  t^  i^  1^00  cooooocoooc/Doooooo(X)CiOoo  c/3  co  c/5 


I     -    rj  00    moo    fOOO    rOCO    <^00    roOO    CO  t^  mvO    I-"  00   "^  N    On  rO>0    O  'O    0^  rD  r^  O    '^ 

'&:  vo  vo  t^  1^00  ooo^c^oO'-||-lN^^fOfO't■^  "^o  vo  t^  t^oo  co  <x)  o\  o^  o  o 

S    i^i:-~r-^t->t^r-»t^  l^OO  OO0000000000O000OO00O00OO0000O«)0OO0  oo    o\  On 


"-"  On'O   i-cwr4OOOrOiHON"-)OO>-»N'-'Oc^'*i^Oi-'C^Oo0O<NN'-' 

^    odN>-<roiJ^l~^C>>-<rO  "^nO  00    O*   N    ^f  vd  Oc3    O    N    "^J-nO    On  «    to  ^  r^  6    N    "^^ 
.aOOOONONaNONONOOOOO'-<'-''-'i-''-'NNNNNrofOrorOTt-Tf->!J-rl- 


^  ir>  O  ■^  t-^  On  N  LOiO  moo  -^00  O  N  m  O  m^O  O  ■^00  N  UIQO  ►-<  tJ-  t-^  O  ■^OO 
MhO  r^t^t^t-^000000  OnOnO  O  i-i  i-"  m  N  CNJ  C^  fOrorOrtrJ-T^u-ivOvovONONO 
r  A    LT)  ir^  LO  Ln  w^  LT)  lo  v/-)  IJ-)  uo\C3  nOvOnOnOOnOOnOOnO^^OnO^nOnOnO  nQ  vD 


O    MOO    LOC^OC    -tONO    O^    "-lOO    -^O    "^QnO    «->    r^CSOO    rJ-ON^^O    "^O    "^O 

«^00  OOOnO    O    i-i    N    N    rn  tn  -rt-  -rt  lOvO  ^    X^  t^^OO  00    0^  ON  O    ~  --    — <- 

00000000   OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnOnO 


-H  roLoo  -^Noo  o  ■^-1  LOO  u;^q-o  ovo 
sd  i^od  d  c^  m  4^  f^  ctn  d  ^j  rn  uSvd  od  ctn 

OOnO   *>.t^t>>t^l>.r-^  f^OO  00  00  00  OO  00  00 

i-iur)>-i\00«J^NO 
w    ci    rj-  lA  r^OO    On  N 

OnOnOnOnOnOnOnO 

N  00 

it 

N  -1  00 

C    rOO    On  M   looO    O    ro  lo^    O    roO    O    m  tnoo    O    rOvO    On  C^   looO    O    C^    "*  r^  O    N 

.    N    CS    ri    m  ro  ro  '^  ■^  •^  -^  LO  i-r-,  uoo  NO  NO  ^   t^  ts.  t^  t^O)  OOOO    ONONONO^O    O 

pzf   ■^^^■^■^■^•<^'^TrTf^Tt-TfTi-TfTj--^Tt'rr  ^  -^  -^  rf  Tf  Tt  Tt-  Tf  ri-  LQ  to 


OnnO    rOO    t^^MOO    "-iC^OO    -^OOO    iOmOO    r^ONLOOOO    low    l^TtQNO    ^400 

-      O    i-i    CS    ro  ro  tJ-  LO  ir^O   t^  t^OO    ONONOi-"i-'C^C^rO"<t'^  lonO  nO   t^OO  OO    On  On 

S         00000000000000>-INHHH«l-IM«««H.NHhN«W«« 


\0   lonO   t^NO    O    O    O    M    O   lONO    O    M    On  N    rovO    -^00    On  N    >-<    lt-OO    h-c    i-.    tJ-  O 

cK  d  •-*  f^*  -^  Lovd  t^od  c^  d  ►-<  m  rf  lAo  i-^od  d\  d  >-<  m  "^  Lnvd  od  dv  d  n  m 
•^wixnu^LnLnmLOLn  vono  vOnoonOnOnOvOnO  t-^i^t^r^r^r^t^  t^oo  oooo 


^_:  1/1  NO  00  w  tJ-nO  00  O  C^  '^nO  00  O  N  -^nO  OO  O  N  ^nO  OO  O  N  TJ-NO  00  O  N  tJ- 
Pj-i  n  n  n  rofOroroTt'^'^'^rhLOLOvnui  uivo  nonOnOno  t^t^r^t^  r^co  oo  oo 
CO    corororncorornrorororot^mrorofororororororororororororororo 

O  OOOvO  ^N  i-i<>0nO  -^N  O  t^-iJ-CS  O  t^-^i-HOO  "1CS  ON  NO  rO  6  l^  tJ-  w  00 
tJ  vO  t^  t^OO  ONOO'-'^imThvn  vOnD  t^OO  OOONOOwNNf^"^"-)  lO^O  t^  t^ 
SMi-«>-i«>-iC4cv<NClC^MCN)CN)NNNMNrOrorOfOrOfOfOrororomrO 


v.jNONOOOONO-^OOOCONONMOOOOOONOTl-fOOCNO'-'OO'-'O 
(5^ 


■     t^OO   ONQi-ii-iNm-^Ln  winO  t^OO    On  O   M   N   OJ    fO  Th  tno  NO  CO   ON  O   •-<   f^    "^ 


.   ■;     On  C^    tJ- ltjnO  00    O    N    fO  rh  "1  1^00    O    N    m  "^nO    1^  On  O    C^    ro  m  t^OO    Q    '-'    fO  ^n 
pH      rO'^'l-'^'^^iOLOLOLriu-iiO  lonO  nOnOnOnOnOnO    t^t^t^t^t^  r^OO  00  00  OO 


N    ro  -^  lonO   t^OO   ONOO'-'^lfO,         --  --_ 


voOnOOO   tJ-O  loOnO   OOOnO  "1i-h  t^N   b  r^roO  lonoo  "iQ  "^"-1   O   OnO 
jddsONdwN  M  foro'<f4  i^NO  t^  r^od  ONONd'-^'-'N^Jfoi^;  lono  ^od 


^     O    <^    m  -^  ir^NO  00    On  d    N    m  -"^  vo\0    r-«00    O    ^^    fO  "^  lonO   t^OO    On  O    '-'    N    tj-nO 
Mh     OnOnOnOnOsOnOnOnOOOOOOOOw'-i'-i'-'i-i'-i'-''-''-"^^^^^ 


m  ■'t  "-)nO  no  no  no  t^OO  OOnOnOnOnOnO  Tl-Tj-TfTt--5f'<d-rJ-rON  «  N  O  On  t^OO 
taZ  fO  fO  -^  "InO  t^OO  On  O  I-  M  <^  '^  lonO  t^OO  On  O  ^  N  ro  ■*  iOnO  t^OO  00  On  O 
as      xOLOi-nvO'-OiilLn  vonO  nOnOnOnDnOnOnOnOnO    t-^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^*^  r>.0O 


m  O  "100  "iQ  LOO  "iO  "lo  "iO  "iO  LOO   -rfi-'NO  Ono   O  t^N   '-^"?9^ 
«    N    N    N    ro  "^^  Tt-  ui  ionO  no   K.  r^od  od    C>  On  O"    d    i-*"    "    N    N    ro  ro  -^  -4-  lonO*  no' 


P-. 


HI   N    m  tI-  winO   t^OO    On  O    i-H    N    ro  ^  uivo   t^OO   On  O    "-i    n    ro  ^h  lonO   t^OO   On  O 
■^•^Th'^Tl-^Th'<l-Tj-wiiovoiiivouoiy-)iOvo  vonO  nOvOnOnOnOnOnOnOnO    t-> 


.  N  NO  00    O    N    -^nO  00    O    C^    -^nO  OOOOOnOh^NCO-^  "InO    t^  t-*  t^OO    On  O    O    O 

>-  xor^r^ONO   "-I  ^^   m  lono  t^oo  On  O  •-<   ro -«*•  lono  t^oo  on  Q   •-'   N   fo  •^no  i^oo 

^  r^  l^  r-.  r^oo  OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO   OnOnO^OnOnOnOnOnOnO    O    O    O    O    O    O    O 

>-:  ro  Looo  O  Lob   -^r^O  loo   -^oo  O   -^00  w  no  w  no   O  mob  m  i>.  N  "100  O  fO 


W  H 


Continuation  of  table  from  page  38.    Price  page  49. 


40  TABL2  m  unmra  wbssls  nou  lo  vo  20  mcHEs  n&xffsn. 

SHOWING  HORSE  POWER,  CUBIC  FEET  OF  WATER,  AND  REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE,  FROM  41  TO  100  FEET  HEAD. 
[The  first  horizontal  line  gives  si:!e  and  number  of  Wheels.] 


lO-No. 

S. 

10 

-No.  1. 

10. 

13H-NO,  1. 

head: 

H.  P. 

REV. 

CFT. 

H.  P. 

REV. 

CFT. 

H.  P. 

REV. 

CFT. 

H.  P. 

REV. 

CFT. 

B 

9.8 

882 

145 

12.5 

882 

182 

17.0 

882 

246 

22.0 

665 

321 

•   « 

10,0 

893 

146 

13.0 

893 

184 

17.6 

893 

249 

22.8 

674 

324 

i  3 

10.3 

903 

148 

13.4 

903 

186 

\U 

903 

253 

23-7 

682 

328 

'  ^ 

10.6 

914 

150 

14.0 

914 

188 

914 

256 

24.0 

690 

332 

4  5 

10.9 

924 

152 

14.4 

924 

190 

18.5 

924 

258 

24.8 

698 

336 

i  6 

ix.o 

934 

153 

15.0 

934 

191 

19.0 

934 

26X 

25.6 

706 

340 

i  *7 

11.4 

945 

155 

15-6 

945 

l^i 

195 

945 

264 

26.4 

714 

344 

i  s 

12.0 

956 

156 

16. 1 

20.4 

956 

266 

27-3 

720 

348 

'  X 

12.2 

965 

157 

16.5 

198 

21.0 

965 

269 

28.0 

727 

352 

oO 

12.4 
12.8 

974 

159 

17.0 

974 

200 

21.6 

974 

272 

28.9 

735 

I& 

j51 

983 

161 

18.0 

983 

203 

22.0 

983 

275 
278 

29.7 

743 

52 

13-3 

994 

162 

994 

204 

22.  fl 

994 

31.6 

750 

363 

dS 

13.7 

1003 

164 

18.5 

1003 

206 

23.6 

1003 

280 

32.x 

757 

366 

B 

14.0 

1012 

165 

19.0 

1012 

208 

24.5 

1012 

283 

33.6 

764 

371 

14-5 

102 1 

167 

19.6 

1021 

210 

25.4 

1021 

286 

34.0 

77X 

375 

Kg 

15.0 

1032 

168 

200 

1032 

212 

26.0 

1032 

288 

34.6 

778 

5  J 

15-4 

1041 

170 

20.6 

1041 

III 

26.8 

1041 

29  X 

785 

383 

Xfi 

16.0 

1050 

172 

21.0 

1050 

27.6 

1050 

293 

36.4 

792 

386 

gg 

16.6 
17.0 

\^ 

173 
174 

21.5 
22.1 

S 

2X8 

220 

28.4 
29.0 

1^ 

296 

298 

38.0 

?oi 

390 
391 

fl 

17.3 
17.8 

1077 

176 

22.5 

1077 

221 

29.8 

1077 

300 

38.9 

8x3 

l?i 

1 
1 

9 

1086 

177 

23.1 

1086 

Si 

30.6 

1086 

303 

40.0 

8x9 

3 

18.2 

1095 

179 

23.6 

1095 

31.6 

1095 

306 

4X.0 

826 

399 

'4 

18.5 

I102 

180 

24.5 

1102 

228 

32.0 

1102 

308 

42.3 

832 

402 

d 

190 

IIIO 

182 

25.3 

IIIO 

230 

33.8 

IIIO 

3" 

432 

838 

JS 

A 

19.4 
19.8 

1118 

184 

26.0 

1118 

232 

34.6 

11x8 

314 

44.4 

845 

•n\ 

1127 

185 

26.6 

1127 

233 

35-0 

1x27 

316 

45-0 

851 

4x1 

iM 

20.2 

1136 

186 

27.0 

"36 

234 

35.5 

1x36 

318 

46.3 

858 

4x4 

S 

20.4 

"44 

188 

27.4 

1 144 

236 

36.0 

"44 

32  X 

47.0 

864 

417 

*  [^0 

20.7 

1152 

189 

28.0 

"52 

237 

36.7 

1 152 

323 

48.5 

870 

420 

TfX 

21.3 

1160 

190 

28.5 

1 160 

239 

37-6 

X160 

325 

49.6 

876 

423 

"72 

22.0 

1 170 

192 

29.0 

1170 

242 

38.2 

1 170 

326 

50.5 

882 

426 

13 

Vd 

1178 

193 

29.6 

1178 

244 

39-0 

1 186 

328 

51.6 

888 

429 

T'A 

1186 

194 

30.8 

1186 

245 

40.8 

331 

52.7 

895 

432 

•■  5 

23-5 

"94 

III 

31.4 

"94 

246 

41.0 

"94 

334 

54.6 

902 

I"  g 

24.0 

1202 

320 

1202 

248 

41.6 

1202 

336 

55-0 

908 

» ij 

24.5 

1210 

198 

32.5 

1210 

250 

42.4 

12x0 

338 

56.0 

914 

44c 

S 

25.0 

1218 

199 

33-0 

1218 

252 

430 

12x8 

340 

57-0 

920 

443 

•TO 

26.0 

1226 

200 

33.6 

1226 

253 

44.0 

X226 

342 

58.x 

926 

445 

8U 

1234 

202 

34-0 

1234 

254 

45.0 

1234 

344 

59-0 

936 

448 

KX 

26.5 

1242 

203 

34.8 

1242 

255 

45-8 

1242 

346 

60.5 

936 

450 

9 

27.0 

1250 

204 

Hi 

1250 

257 

46.6 

1250 

348 

61.6 

94  X 

3 

lU 

1257 

205 

1257 

l& 

47.2 

1257 

350 

63.0 

94S 

456 

;4 

1264 

206 

37.1 

1264 

48.1 

1264 

352 

64.1 

954 

460 

g 

28.5 

1272 

Si 

1272 

262 

49.0 

1272 

354 

659 

960 

463 

g 

29.0 

1280 

38.2 

1280 

263 

50.0 

1280 

356 

66.2 

965 

465 

1 

29-5 

1287 

210 

39-0 

1287 

264 

51.0 

1287 

358 

67.3 

970 

468 

G 

30.0 

1294 

212 

397 

1294 

266 

52.0 

1294 

360 

68.6 

976 

470 

}9 

30.4 

1301 

213 

40.3 

1301 

267 

52.8 

130X 

362 

694 

98X 

473 

fO 

31-1 

1308 

214 

41.0 

1308 

269 

536 

X308 

364 

70.8 

987 

476 

91 

31.6 

1315 

215 
216 

41.5 

1315 

270 

54.4 

1315 

366 

7X.9 

992 

479 

99 

32.0 

1322 

42.2 

1322 

272 

X322 

368 

73-2 

998 

482 

93 

32.6 

1329 

217 

43.8 

1329 

273 

56.0 

1329 

370 

74.1 

1004 

fi 

94 

33-0 

1336 

218 

43.5 

1336 

275 

56.9 

1336 

372 

^^•§ 

X009 

9o 

33.7 

1343 

219 

44.0 

1343 

277 

58.0 

1343 

374 

76.8 

10x5 

490 

96 

34.2 

1350 

220 

44.5 

1350 

600 

1350 

376 

78  X 

X020 

492 

ht 

34-9 

1357 

221 

45.1 

1357 

1357 

378 

a: 

1025 

494 

Ofi 

35-5 

1364 

222 

46.0 

1364 

28? 

61.0 

1364 

380 

1030 

497 

9d 

36.0 

1371 

224 

46.9 

1371 

283 

62.1 

1371 

382 

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Explanation  page  47.     Description  page  18.      Price  page  49. 


TABLS  FOS  Mrnnra  WHESLS  FSOU  lO  ^O  20  IITCHES  DlAUET£S.>^oatlnued. 
[The  first  horizontal  line  gives  size  and  number  of  Wheels.] 


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[Explanation  page  47.      Description  page  18.    Price  page  49. 


4'  Table  of  Lefers  New  Special  Double  Turbine. 


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Explanation  page  47.    Dimensions  page  33.    Price  page  49. 


Table  of  Lefel's  New  Special  Double  Turbine 


43 


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Explanation  page  47.    Dimension  page;  33.    Price  page  49, 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  45 

James  Leffel's  New  Special  Double  Turbine. 

We  have  been  manufacturing  with  perfect  success  for  some  time, 
several  special  size  Leffel  Wheels  ;  tables  of  which  are  presented 
herewith  on  foregoing  pages  42,  43  and  44.  It  will  be  observed  that  a 
large  additional  quantity  of  water  is  applied  to  them,  over  that  used 
on  the  common  or  standard  sizes  ;  and  that  there  is  also  a  corres- 
ponding increase  of  power.  In  fact  it  is  in  every  wav  perfectly  reli- 
able and  fully  warranted  in  every  particular. 

We  can  give  a  large  number  of  names  of  reliable  parties  each 
using  from  one  to  four  or  more  of  them,  as  there  are  now  over  600  of 
them  in  daily  operation.  Their  durability  and  efficiency  has  been 
amply  tested  and  thoroughlj'*  proven  in  every  respect  by  their  con- 
stant practical  work,  driving  all  kind  of  machinery.  No  complaint 
whatever  has  been  made  of  them  from  any  source.  In  fact  they  are 
made  precisely  as  the  common  sizes,  except  that  the  gates  and  buck- 
ets are  made  wider  to  admit  more  water,  but  the  same  curves  and  pro- 
portions are  retained. 

The  table  gives  quantity  of  water  discharged  per  minute  in  cubic 
feet,  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  the  horse  power  and  num- 
ber of  square  inches  vent ;  all  of  which  Avill  be  vmderstood  upon 
examination. 


Explanatien  of  Tables  of  Standard  Wheels. 

On  pages  34,  35,  36  and  37  will  be  found  tables  showing  the  pow- 
er, number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  and  also  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  of  water  discharged  per  minute,  for  each  size  of  our  Wheels,  un- 
der heads  from  3  to  40  feet.  The  top  lines  of  figures  show  the  size  of 
wheels  from  6%  to  87  inches  diameter.  The  left  hand  perpendicu- 
lar columns  give  the  head  of  water  in  feet  from  3  to  21,  and  21  to  40. 
In  the  small  squares  formed  by  intersection  of  the  perpendicular  and 
horizontal  lines  are  three  sets  of  figures.  The  upper  one  indicates  the 
number  of  horse-power  ;  the  middle  set  of  figures  shows  the  number  of 
cubic  feet  of  water  used  by  the  wheel  per  minute,  and  the  lower  set  of 
figures  shows  the  number  of  revolutions  of  wheel  per  minute.  The 
style  and  arrangement  of  table  was  first  introduced  by  James  Leffel, 
and  on  account  of  its  simplicity,  compactness,  beauty  and  conven- 
ience of  reference,  has  been  extensively  copied  and  adopted  by  other 
wheel  men. 

On  pages  38  and  39  tables  for  small  wheels  are  given,  under  heads 
ranging  from  40  to  100  feet.  The  first  or  tipper  horizontal  column 
represents  the  sizes  of  wheels  in  inches,  and  parts  of  inches,  and  the 
first  left  hand  perpendicular  column  represents  the  amount  of  head 
under  which  each  operates.  The  horizontal  lines  of  figures  in  the 
body  of  the  table,  shows  the  horse  power,  revolutions  per  minute 
while  at  labor,  and  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  per  minute,  all  of 
which  will  be  understood. 


46 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 


JAMES  *LEFFEL's     TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL.  47 

Explanation  of  Tables  of  Mining  Wheels. 

On  pages  40  and  41  will  be  found  a  table  showing  tne  power, 
quantity  of  water,  and  revolutions  per  minute  of  eight  sizes  of  our 
new  mining  wheel.  The  same  method  of  arranging  the  sizes  and 
heads  is  observed  as  in  the  preceding  pages  ;  but  the  powers,  water 
used,  and  revolutions,  are  upon  the  same  horizontal  line.  An  exam- 
ination will  readilv  enable  any  one  to  obtain  the  desired  data. 

Explanation  of  Tables  of  New  Special  Wheels. 

On  pages  42,  43  and  44.,  will  be  found  tables  for  our  New  Spe- 
cial LefFel  Wheel.  The  first  horizontal  line  running  lengthwise  with 
each  page,  represents  the  size  or  number  of  wheel,  and  does  not  give 
it  in  inches  as  heretofore.  The  second  horizontal  line  gives  square 
inches'  vent  of  each  number  of  wheel  in  that  table  ;  while  the  third 
horizontal  line  shows  the  abbreviated  words,  for  "  Head,  Horse  Pow- 
er, Cubic  Feet  and  Revolutions.  "  After  this  in  each  table,  four  heavy 
perpendicular  columns  will  be  observed,  representing  the  heads  in 
feet  ;  and  between  these  columns  are  others  in  lighter  figures,  the  one 
next  the  heavy  coluinn  showing  the  horse  power,  the  next  one  the 
cubic  feet  of  water  used  per  minute,  and  the  last  or  next  the  heavy 
column  again  the  revolutions  per  minute.  It  should  be  observed  that 
each  of  the  wheels  has  a  column,  representing  the  head,  and  that  these 
columns  are  not  the  same  for  all.  An  examination  cannot  fail  to 
make  the  tables  clearly  understood  by  any  one. 

Revolution  of  Wheels  While  at  Labor. 

The  revolutions  of  the  wheels,  as  laid  down  in  the  foregoing  ta- 
bles, are  the  number  of  revolutions  the  wheel  makes  when  at  work. 
But  as  there  is  always  a  loss  of  fall  by  the  water  drawing  down  in  the 
head  race,  and  also  rising  in  the  tail  race,  when  the  wheel  is  running, 
we  would  advise  those  who  have  charge  of  putting  in  the  wheels, 
that,  in  calculating  for  the  speed  of  wheel  and  machinery,  they  al- 
ways base  their  calculations  on  a  fall  of  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  less 
than  the  measured  fall,  when  the  head  and  fall  is  from  four  to  twenty 
feet,  and  eighteen  inches  when  the  fall  is  over  twenty  feet ;  thus  al- 
lowing for  the  loss  of  head  mentioned,  which  will  bring  the  speed 
of  the  wheel  to  suit  the  actual  running  head. 

Explanation  of  Plate  on  Foregoing  Page. 

The  plate  on  page  46  is  intended  to  clearly  show  some  of  the  rea- 
sons why  an  overshot  wheel,  even  of  the  best  construction  will  not 
yeld  the  full  power  of  the  water  applied  to  it.  At  the  same  time  we 
shiow  how  our  wheel  must  necessarily  produce  an  increased  power  by 
reason  of  its  being  free  from  all  those  objections  which,  in  the  nature 
of  an  overshot,  result  from  its  construction,  and  largely  dimin'sh  its 
efficiency  as  a  motor  by  an  unavoidable  waste  of  water  and  loss  of  a 
part  of  the  entire  fall. 


48  JAMES    LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL. 

For  the  purpose  of  illustration,  we  have  selected  a  head  and  fall 
of  eighteen  feet,  being  the  medium  and  most  common  fall  for  over- 
shot wheels.  As  it  is  usual  to  allow  a  head  of  water  of  about  two 
feet,  above  the  overshot  wheel,  and  to  prevent  the  wading  of  the 
wheel  in  tail-water,  it  is  necessary  to  allow  a  clearance  of  at  least  six 
inches,  the  wheel  therefore  for  this  fall  can  not  exceed  fifteen  feet  six 
inches  diameter.  We  will  point  out  severally  the  sources  from  which 
a  waste  of  water  arises.  It  has  generally  been  the  practice  to  regard 
the  entire  head  of  water  above  the  overshot  as  wholly  lost,  but  we  will 
concede  the  benefit  of  one-half  of  the  head.  There  will  then  remain 
to  be  deducted  from  the  whole  fall — ist,  one  foot  above  the  wheel  ; 
2nd,  one  foot  for  depth  of  rim,  which  below  will  be  a  line  where  the 
buckets  are  entirely  empty;  3rd,  six  inches  clearance  below  the  wheel; 
which  makes  together  a  loss  of  two  feet  six  inches  fall;  and  as  the 
water  begins  to  empty  from  the  buckets  at  some  distance  above  the 
water  in  the  tail-race,  which  not  unfrequently  is  nearly  on  a  level 
with  the  shaft  of  the  wheel,  particularly  when  the  buckets  are  well- 
filled,  it  will  be  safe  to  say  that  the  waste  of  water  from  this  source 
will  be  fully  equivalent  to  the  loss  of  another  foot  of  fall,  which  added 
to  the  amount  of  fall  lost  in  the  manner  before  described,  will  make  a 
total  loss  of  three  feet  six  inches  ovit  of  eighteen  feet,  or  nearly  t\^ten- 
ty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  fall. 

It  will  be  seen,  that  our  wheel  is  placed  at  the  botton  of  the  pen- 
stock, and  touching  the  tail  water  ;  thus  utilizing  every  inch  of  the 
fall  below  the  overshot,  if  the  pit  under  the  turbine  be  of  sufficient 
depth  and  capacity.  A  line  drawn  through  the  top  of  the  penstock, 
at  the  height  of  the  level  of  the  head  water  in  the  forbay  over  the 
overshot,  would  also  show  that  the^-e  is  no  loss  at  the  head  surface  ; 
as  the  water  should  stand  at  almost  a  perfect  level,  providing  also  the 
forbay  leading  to  the  penstock  is  of  sufficient  capacity. 

In  another  particular  we  have  also  demonstrated  their  superiority 
over  the  overshot,  this  being  in  the  height  of  head  to  which  they  may 
be  applied.  There  are  a  number  of  instances  in  which  the  Lefl:el  has 
been  supplied,  where  the  height  of  head  water  was  so  excessive,  and 
the  surroundings  so  difficult,  that  the  overshot  could  not  be  used  or 
applied  in  any  form  or  manner.  In  fact,  there  is  a  limit  as  to  the  diame- 
ter of  the  overshot,  and  beyond  which  they  become  impracticable  ; 
this  circumstance  only  adding  to  the  vitility  of  our  wheel,  and  its 
excellence  being  more  apparent  with  increase  of  head. 


Does  the  Work  with  Half  the  Water. 

Leipsic,  Mich.,  March  26,  1885. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Gents— Yours  of  24th  just  to  hand  and  contents  noted.  We  are  using  your  263^ 
inch  Wheel  to  run  4  ft.  burr  stone  with  10  ft,  head.  We  used  it  last  fall,  when  water 
was  low,  on  8  foot  head  with  J^  gate,  grinding  10  bushels  wheat  per  hour.  We  are 
well  pleased  with  its  work.  We  have  other  wheels  but  this  one  will  do  the  work  with 
half  the  water  of  th§  pther  wheels.  Yours  truly, 

HIGLEY  &  CLEPMAN. 


LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO. 


49 


PRICE    LIST    OF    JAMES    LEFFEL'S    STANDARD    WHEELS. 


Size. 

7-%.... 
8%.... 

lO 

Wheels. 

....$  180 

....  185 

....  190 

..  195 

aiobes. 

«  75 

78 

81 

Vent. 

....  4.9 

...  6}i 
...  8-K 

85 

90 

100 

...  iili 

II>2.... 

...  H-A 

^3% 

....  210 

....  185 

...  19^ 

15^.... 

Its 

130 

150 

175 

205 

dv, 

20   

....  195 

....  205 

...  -4^. 
...  45 

23 

...  22s 

...  593^ 

26>^.... 

30^.... 

::::  ^65 

....  30« 

...  79 
...104 

40 

....  385 

425 

...180 

44 

217 

48  .... 
56  .... 

-.  500 

...259 

...  815  .... 

...518 

66  

74 

....  940 

....  1200 

...624 
.769 

87  

....  1600 

...991 

REMARKS. 

All  the  Standard  Wheels  up  to  35  inches 
diam.  have  Steel  Gates, 

All  wheels  up  to  15)^  inches  diam.  are 
Brass  except  the  Guide  Casing,  which  is  Iron. 

The  Guide  Casings  are  the  upper  and  lower 
plates  and  fixtures  shown  on  page  13. 

See  pages  12  and  13  for  description  of  Wheel 
and  cut  of  same. 

See  pages  22  and  23  for  cut  and  explanation 
of  Globes. 

See  pages  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  and  45  for 
tables  and  explanation  of  tables  for  Standard 
Wheels. 

See  pages  26  and  27  for  dimensions. 

We  must  always  know  which  way  Wheel 
runs,  whether  with  or  against  sun,  Right  or 
Left  Hand. 


PRICE  LIST  OF  LEFFEL'S  IMPROVED  SPECIAL  WHEELS. 


Price. 


23  . 
26K. 
30^2. 
35  . 
40  . 
44  . 
50  . 
56  . 
6r  . 
66  . 
74 
87  . 


.No. 


235.. 
275.. 
315.. 
350.. 
400.. 
440.. 
550.. 
750.. 
850.. 


Vaat 

..  si 
..  113 
..  150 

..  200 
..  264 

..  303 

..  403 

..  514 

..  606 

..  712 


1250, 
[650. 


REMARKS. 

All  these  Improved  Special  Wheels  up  to  35 
inches  diam.  have  Steel  Gates. 

See  page  45  for  description. 

See  pages  42,  43,  44  and  47  for  tables  and  ex- 
planation of  same  for  special  wheels. 

See  pages  32  and  33  for  dimensions  of 
Special  Wheels, 

State  whether  Wheel  must  run  with  or 
against  sun. 


PRICE  LIST  OF  LEFFEL'S    IMPROTED    MINING  WHEELS. 


Size. 


13^. 
13M.. 

20    , 


.No.  Two., 
.  "      One. 


Price, 

«  -3 


One. 


Vent. 
30 6% 

375 8% 

375 "3^ 

430 14^ 

430 19% 

430 26^^ 

500 34>^ 

500 45 


REMARKS. 

All  these  Improved  Mining  Wheels  are 
made  with  Steel  Gates  and  Iron  Guide  Cases. 

All  are  made  with  Brass  Wheels,  up  to  is% 
inches  diam. 

See  pages  18  and  19  for  illustration  and  de- 
scription.    See  pages  28  and  29  for  dimensions. 

See  pages  40,  41  and  47  for  tables  and  ex- 
planation. 

State  plainly  in  ordering  whether  side  or 
edge  of  Wheel  next  observer  (cut  page  19) 
must  run  Up  or  Doicn. 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  5I 

A  Mammoth  Cotton  Mill  Driven  by  leffel  Wheels. 

Tlie  plate  on  the  opposite  page  represents  the  arranj^ement  and 
method  adopted  by  the  Manville  Cotton  Company,  Albion,  R.  I.,  ibr 
locating  our  wheels  in  their  new  mill,  and  connecting  them  to  the 
machinery.  The  flumesor  penstocks  are  constructed  of  stone,  brick 
and  iron  throughout,  one  situated  in  each  end  of  the  mill  ;  the  floors 
being  iron  and  supported  by  iron  girders  or  sills.  The  arches,  or 
flumes  proper,  in  which  the  wheels  are  located,  are  made  of  bricks, 
with  the  sides  laid  up  with  heavy  cut  stones  ;  in  the  tops  or  deck- 
ings at  S,  is  a  safety  vent  for  overflow  of  water,  thereby  relieving 
the  undue  pressure  in  case  the  wheels  should  be  suddenly  closed  at 
any  time.  The  arches  for  discharge  of  water  in  tail-race  are  each  11 
feet  high,  by  20  feet  wide,  having  in  them  a  standing  depth  of  7  feet 
tail-water,  there  being  iron  draft  tubes  extending  down  from  the 
wheels.  The  entire  penstocks  are  each  40  by  80  feet,  containing  two  of 
our  84  inch  wheels  in  each,  under  a  head  of  over  18  feet,  giving  about 
1,740  horse  power. 

The  power  of  these  wheels  is  delivered  from  one  side  of  the 
crown  gear  to  the  jack  shaft  b}^  means  of  jack  gear  59  inches  di- 
ameter, and  38  cogs,  working  into  the  crown  gear.  The  jack  shaft  is 
8  inches  diameter,  and  consists  of  two  lengths,  connected  with  24-inch 
face  couplings.  The  iirst  length  from  the  wheel  is  7  feet  4  inches  ; 
the  second  is  14  feet  for  the  two  inside  wheels,  and  15  feet  2  inches 
for  the  outside.  Upon  the  second  length,  resting  in  two  bearings,  are 
the  flj' -wheels,  or  main  driving  pulleys,  20  feet  diameter,  25  inch  face, 
weighing  20,368  pounds  each. 

This  mill  has  a  capacity  of  120,000  spindles  and  2,112  looms, 
equipped  and  fitted  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  sheetings  and  shirtings. 
In  exterior  dimensions  it  is  783  feet  long  and  98  feet  wide,  with  six 
towers  adjoining,  each  26  feet  square.  This  is  exclusive  of  an  engine 
and  boiler  building  100  feet  long  and  94  feet  wide,  adjoining  the  main 
building  on  the  south  end,  and  having  a  chimney  16  feet  square  and 
155  feet  high.  The  mill  has  five  full  tloors  for  machinery.  It  covers 
an  area  on  the  ground  of  over  two  acres,  and  the  aggregate  area  of 
the  floors,  inside  the  brick  walls,  is  about  nine  acres.  Some  idea  of 
the  magnitude  of  the  works  may  be  gained  from  the  fact  that  in  the 
construction  of  the  building  there  were  required  8,160  cords  of  rough 
stone,  9,110  cubic  feet  of  granite  ashler,  5,605,800  brick,  348,028  pounds 
of  cast  iron,  and  nearly  23,000  pounds  of  wrought  and  malleable  iron. 
There  are  117,351  square  feet  of  roofing,  and  1,208  windows,  containing 
34,994  lights  of  glass,  and  requiring  94,104  pounds  of  window  weights. 
There  are  41,971  yards  of  plastering.  Over  860,000  feet  of  southern 
hard  pine  timber  was  used  ;  and  in  the  floors  there  are  1,266,000  feet 
of  3-inch  spruce  planks  and  65,000  pounds  of  nails. 

The  principal  motive  power  of  the  mill  is  water,  received  from 
the  Blackstone  river,  the  flow  of  which  is  38,000  cubic  feet  per  min- 
ute.    For  a  period  of  from  five  to  eight  months  of  the  year  the  flow 


52  JAMES    LEFFEL's  TURBINE    WATER   WHEEL. 

of  water  at  mean  average  is  about  65,000  cubic  feet,  constituting  a 
full  supply  for  the  mill.  During  the  remaining  part,  or  dry  season,  of 
the  year,  water  as  the  motive  power  is  supplemented  by  steam  to  the 
extent  of  one-half  the  capacity  of  the  mill,  or  800  horse  power. 

At  a  point  282  feet  north  of  the  mill  is  located  the  dam,  which  was 
built  in  1867  b}^  the  late  S.  B.  Gushing,  C.  E.  Providence.  This  dam 
is  a  fine  work,  built  upon  a  rock  bed,  and  constructed  with  cut  granite, 
laid  in  bed  and  build  courses.  It  has  a  span  of  246  feet  between  but- 
tresses. The  face  of  the  dam  is  concaved  to  the  arc  of  a  circle  of  511 
feet  radius.  The  height  from  the  foundation  to  the  top  of  cap-log  is 
16  feet.  The  available  fall  or  working  head  is  18  feet  6  inches.  From 
the  basin  or  pond  the  water  passes  into  a  trench  14  feet  deep,  extend- 
ing 61  feet  to  a  stone  bulkhead  64  feet  long,  having  ten  gates  fitted 
with  heavy  gearing  and  hoisting  apparatus.  From  this  point  the 
water  passes  into  a  large  basin  of  37,800  feet  area,  and  at  the  end  of 
which  are  the  guard-racks,  with  a  length  or  breast  of  180  feet.  The 
front  of  the  racks  is  pitched  to  an  angle  of  68  degrees,  having  2,880 
feet  area  or  surface  for  screening. 

The  principal  trenches  or  w  ater-ways  have  a  cross-sectional  area  of 
474  feet.  The  water  necessary  to  supply  the  wheels,  in  passing 
through  this  large  space,  is  required  to  move  with  a  velocity  of  i^ 
feet  per  second.  To  the  entrance  of  each  flume  are  two  gates,  built  of 
4-inch  oak  plank,  bolted,  strapped  with  iron  plates,  and  hung  upon 
one  edge  or  side.  The  arrangement  of  the  flumes  and  connections  is 
such  that,  if  desired,  either  one  of  the  four  wheels  may  be  stopped,  the 
flume  drawn  oft',  the  wheel  or  step  inspected,  the  flume  again  filled, 
and  the  wheel  started  in  less  than  thirty  minutes  from  the  time  of 
stopping,  during  which  time  the  other  wheels  are  in  full  operation. 

The  engraving  shows  two  Leffel  wheels  in  position  in  the  flume. 
The  Manville  Company  are,  however,  using  six  of  these  wheels,  man- 
ufactured hy  James  Leffel  &  Co,,  Springfield,  Ohio.  The  wheels 
shown  in  the  illustration  are  each  84-inch,  working,  as  alreadv  stated, 
under  18I/2  ^^^^  head.  They  are  set  13  feet  under  the  head,  with  5  or  6 
inches  draft  tube.  The  vertical  shafts  for  wheels  are  8  inches  diame- 
ter, hammered  iron,  and  consist  of  two  parts  joined  together  20  inches 
below  the  top  of  the  flume,  with  clutch  couplings,  the  upper  piece  ex- 
tending through  a  20-inch  tube  in  the  brick  arch. 


Mining  Wheel  Running:  20  Stamp  Mill  1-2  Oate. 

Virginia  City,  M.  T.,  April  4th,  1885, 
James  Leffel  &  Co.,  ispringfield,  Ohio: 

Gents— The  23  inch  Mining  Wheel  purchased  from  you  during  the  year  1884 
we  are  using  under  a  30  foot  head  of  water,  in  operating  our  Quartz  Mill,  located  at 
Pony,  Madison  County,  Montana  Territory,  consisting  of  20  stamps,  bleeke  crushers, 
7x1c,  and  four  forerunners.  The  wheel  under  this  head  would  furnish  twice  the 
amount  of  power  necessary  to  operate  the  machinery  named.  The  power  and  simplic- 
ity of  your  wheel  in  our  estimation  cannot  be  excelled. 

HENRY  ELLING. 


JAMES    LEIJ'PEL    &    CO.,    RPRlN(,EIEl,n,   OltlO.  53 

Useful  Facts  iu  Hydraulics. 

Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  the  capacity  four  times. 
The  ordinary  speed  to  run  a  pump  is  lOO  feet  of  piston  per  minute. 
To  find  the  area  of  a  piston,  square   the  diameter  and  multiply  by 

•7854- 

Each  nominal  horse  power  of  boilers  requires  i  cubic  foot  of  water 

per  hour. 

A  gallon  of  water  (U.S.  standard)  weighs  8)^  lbs.,  and  contains  231 
cubic  inches. 

A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62)2  lbs.,  and  contains  1,728  cubic  inch- 
es, or  73^  gallons. 

Circular  apertures  are  most  effective  for  discharging  water,  since 
they  have  less  frictional  surface  for  the  same  area. 

Hydraulics  treats  of  fluids  in  motion,  and  especially  of  water,  the 
machinery  and  works  for  raising  and  conducting  it,  its  action  in  canals, 
races  and  rivers,  its  adaptation  to  water  wheels  as  prime  movers,  etc. 

To  find  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute  necessary  to  discharge  a  given 
voluine  of  water  in  a  given  time,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
water  by  144,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  area  of  the  pipe  in  inches. 

To  find  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  of  a  column  of  water, 
multiply  the  height  of  the  column  in  feet  by  .434.  (Approximately 
every  foot  of  elevation  is  considered  equal  to  )^  lb.  pressure  per  square 
inch.) 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  pump  cylinder  to  move  a  given  quantity 
of  water  per  minute  (loofeet  of  piston  being  the  speed),  divide  the  num- 
ber of  gallons  by  4,  then  extract  the  square  root,  and  the  result  will  be 
the  diameter  in  inches. 

Vertical  apertures,  or  slits  on  the  side  and  running  near  to  the  bot- 
tom of  vessels,  issue  the  water  with  a  mean  velocity  due  at  the  sill  or 
lower  edge  of  opening,  or  with  the  velocity  due  to  a  point  four- 
ninths  of  the  whole  height  of  hfead. 

.  The  time  occupied  in  discharging  equal  quantities  of  water  under 
equal  heads,  through  pipes  of  e4ual  lengths,  will  be  different  forvavy- 
ings  forms,  and  proportionally  as  follows  :  for  a  straight  line,  90 ;  for 
a  true  curve,  100  ;  and  for  a  right  angle,  140. 

To  find  the  horse  power  necessary  to  elevate  water  to  a  given  height, 
multiply  the  total  weightof  column  of  water  in  lbs.  by  the  velocity  per 
minute  in  feet,  and  divide  the  product  by  33,000  (an  allowance  of  25 
per  cent,  should  be  added  for  friction,  etc.) 

To  find  the  area  of  a  required  pipe,  the  volume  and  velocity  of  water 
being  given,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  by  144,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute.  The  area  being 
found,  it  is  easy  to  get  the  diameter  of  pipe  necessary. 

To  find  the  capacity  of  a  cylinder  in  gallons.  Multiplying  the  area 
in  inches  by  the  length  of  stroke  in  inches  will  give  the  total  number 
of  cubic  inches  :  divide  this  amount  by  231  (which  is  the  cubical  con- 
tents of  a  gallon  in  inches),  and  the  product  is  the  capacity  in  gallons. 


54  JAMES  leffel's  turbine  water  wheel, 

The  quantities  of  water  discharged  in  equal  times  hy  the  same  aper- 
tures under  different  heads  are  nearly  as  the  square  roots  of  the  corres- 
ponding heads,  the  heads  being  measured  above  the  apertures. 

The  quantities  of  water  discharged  in  the  same  time  through  differ- 
ent sized  apertures,  vinder  different  heads,  are  to  one  another  in  the 
compound  ratio  of  areas  of  the  apertures,  and  of  the  square  roots  of 
the  heights  of  heads  above  the  centers  of  the  apertures. 

The  area  of  the  steam  piston,  multiplied  by  the  steam  pressure,  gives 
the  total  amount  of  pressure  exerted.  The  area  of  the  water  piston, 
multiplied  by  the  pressure  of  water  per  square  inch,  gives  the  resis- 
tance. A  margin  must  be  made  between  the  power  and  the  resistance 
to  move  the  pistons  at  the  required  speed. 

With  thin  plates  on  the  bottom  or  sides  of  reservoir,  the  stream, 
issuing  through  circular  openings,  converges  toward  a  point  at  about 
one-half  its  diaiiieter  from  the  outside  of  orifice,  reducing  the  quantity 
discharged  nearly  five-eighths  from  the  quantity  that  the  velocity  cor- 
responding to  the  head  should  discharge. 

With  a  horizontal  cylindrical  tube,  the  length  and  diameter  being 
the  same,  the  discharge  will  be  the  same  as  through  a  plain  aperture, 
A  horizontal  cylindrical  tube  having  greater  length  than  diameter 
increases  the  discharge,  and  the  discharge  will  continue  to  increase' 
vmtil  the  length  reaches  four  times  the  diameter. 

To  find  the  quantity  of  water  elevated  in  one  minute  running  at  lOO 
feet  of  piston  per  minute.  Square  the  diameter  of  water  cylinder  in 
inches  and  multiply  by  4.  Example  :  The  capacity  of  a  5-inch  cylin- 
der is  desired.  The  square  of  the  diameter  (5  inches)  is  25,  which, 
multiplied  by  4,  gives  100,  which  is  the  number  of  gallons  per  minute 
( approxiinately . ) 

The  best  form  of  aperture  for  giving  the  greatest  flow  of  water,  is  a 
conical  aperture,  whose  greater  base  is  the  aperture,  the  height  or 
length  of  the  section  of  cone  being  half  the  diameter  of  aperture,  and 
the  area  of  the  small  opening  to  the  area  of  the  large  opening  as  10  to 
16  ;  there  will  be  no  contraction  of  the  vein,  and  consequently  the 
greatest  attainable  discharge  will  be  the  result. 

Water  in  falling  is  actuated  by  the  same  law  as  other  falling  bodies; 
passing  through  i  foot  in  3^  of  a  second,  4  feet  in  ^  second,  9  feet  in 
34^  of  a  second,  and  so  on  ;  hence  its  velocity  flowing  through  an  aper- 
ture in  the  side  of  a  reservoir,  bulkhead  or  any  vessel,  is  the  same  as 
that  of  a  heavy  body  falling  freely  from  a  height  equal  to  the  distance 
between  the  middle  of  the  aperture  or  hole  to  the  surface  of  water 
below. 

Wooden  Penstock  for  High  Falls. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  to  adopt  this  plan  for  heads  of  20 
to  50  or  75  feet,  we  describe  it  fully.  If  well  built,  it  is  capable  of 
withstanding  even  greater  pressures  or  heads  than  those  named.  The 
corner  posts  A  (see  ground  planter  which)  need    in  no    case  be  over 


JAMES   tF.FFET.  *   CO.,    SPRINGtlELD,    OHIO 


j.«; 


56 


JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 


by  6  inches  square.  For  a  head  of  40  feet,  with  a  penstock  of  the  de- 
sired inside  area  to  pass  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  for  our  26i'2  inch 
wheel,  giving  no  horse  power,  the  penstock  would  require  to  be  40 
inches  square  in  the  clear,  with  a  frame  made  to  bolt  the  flange  of  the 
inlet  pipe  to  the  globe  penstock.  Then  the  plank  for  the  first  15  feet 
would  require  to  be  4  or  4)^  inches  thick  ;  then  for  15  feet  further  3 
inch  plank  would  answer ;  the  rest  of  the  way  2  inch  plank  would  be 
sufficient.  The  flume  to  pass  the  water  into  the  penstock  at  the  top 
would  require  to  be  the  width  of  the  upright  part  of  penstock,  and  deep 
enough  to  pass  the  water  50  inches  deep  for  a  26)0  inch  wheel.  This 
would  give  a  cross  section  to  the  inflowing  water  of  14  sectional  feet, 
and  pass  the  water  at  a  speed  of  nearly  2  feet  per  second.  Of  course, 
a  wheel  of  our  make  using  less  water  than  the  2630  inch  wheel  would 
not  require  so  large  a  penstock. 


Have  the  plank  all  gauged  to  a  certain  width,  whatever  they  may  be. 
If  the  penstock  is  to  be  40  inches  square  inside,  cut  one-half  the  num- 
ber of  planks  required  42  inches  long.  Gauge  and  size  them  down  at 
each  end  to  a  size  that  they  will  all  work.  Then  take  the  same  num- 
ber of  planks  and  cut  them  60  inches  long  ;  if  the  plank  is  four  inches 
thick  this  will  allow  the  plank  to  extend  to  the  outside  of  posts  on 
each  side.  They  are  then  laid  off"  evenly,  40  inches  between  gains, 
and  gauged  three  inches  from  the  face  or  outside  of  plank,  which  leaves 
a  rabbet  of  i  inch  to  receive  the  ends  of  the  42  inch  plank.  After  all 
the  planks  are  prepared,  the  6  inch  corner  posts  can  be  set  up,  and  the 
work  of  putting  up  the  plank  commenced  and  carried  up  until  the 
place  is  reached  to  splice  the  posts.  These  should  be  spliced  and  pre- 
pared previous  to  putting  up,  and  are  thus  extended  on  up  to  the  height 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRIXGFIELD,    OHIO.  57 

desired.  The  plank  can  and  should  be  double-pinned  or  spiked  at 
each  end  as  the  work  progresses.  After  the  plank  are  all  on,  the  small 
corner  strips  marked  (B  B  B  in  ground  plan)  should  be  well  fitted  in 
and  nailed.  If  the  work  is  well  done  the  penstock  need  not  leak  a  drop. 
The  bottom  can  be  planked  with  the  same  thickness  of  boards.  A 
penstock  40  inches  square  inside,  with  40  feet  of  water  in  it,  would  have 
a  pressure  of  a  little  over  17)^  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  or  28,160 
pounds  total  weight  of  water,  besides  the  weight  of  penstock  ;  there- 
fore it  will  be  well  to  put  a  good  and  solid  foundation  under  it. 


600  Bales  Cotton;  Believes  Candidly  it  is  the  Best. 

Barham,  Anachita  County,  Ark.,  March  30th,  1885. 
Mr.  James  Leffel,  Springfield,  Ohio: 

Dear  Sir— I  received  yours  of  the  27,  and  in  answer  to  the  same  would  say  that 
I  am  using  one  of  your  26)^  inch  wheels  bought  last  summer,  one  year  ago,  and  it 
does  all  the  work  I  expect  it  to  do,  it  is  running  under  7  foot  head,  I  have  ginned  two 
seasons  with  it  and  can  gin  6  bales  of  cotton  law  gin  everyday  on  half  gate,  I  also  run 
330  inch  bur  and  can  grind  100  bushels  of  fine  meal  in  10  hours  in  the  2  seasons  I 
gined  600  bales  of  cotton.  I  have  been  running  the  Brooks  Wheel  Mill,  I  purchased 
the  Double  Tnrbine  from  you  and  would  say  there  is  no  comparison.  I  have  been 
milling  a  long  time  and  do  believe  candidly  that  the  LefFel  Wheel  is  the  best  water 
wheel  made.     Mine  gives  me  perfect  satisfaction,  would  have  no  other. 

Very  respectfully,  WM.  COX. 

Guaranteed  Good  as  the  Leffel. 

Lamdsten,  March  30th,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co. : 

I  have  been  running  the  30)^  inch  wheel  that  I  got  of  you  In  August  last,  and  it 
works  well  and  gives  entire  satisfaction.  We  have  about  10^  foot  head  over  the 
wheel  and  with  the  gates  %  open  we  run  two  pair  of  burs,  four  feet  in  diameter,  one 
middling  bur,  one  separator,  one  smutter,  four  sets  of  bolting  reels,,  four  set  of  ele- 
vators, testing  jack,  &c.,  and  make  two  barrelsof  flour  per  hour.  This  wheel  displac- 
ed an  8)4  foot  overshoot  wheel,  and  as  far  as  I  can  j  udge,  it  will  grind  as  much  wheat 
per  hour,  and  I  think  more  with  the  same  quautity  of  water  and  saves  all  the  trouble 
of  cutting  of  ice,  and  also  stoppage  with  back  water.  I  have  had  considerable  ex- 
perience with  turbines  m  niy  mill  during  the  last  summer,  as  I  was  persuaded  to  try- 
two  other  wheels,  warranted  to  be  equal,  if  not  better  than  your  wheel,  and  if  they 
did  not  give  good  satisfaction  to  me  the  maker  of  the  wheel  was  to  pay  all  expenses 
of  putting  wheels  in  and  damages  besides.  After  a  fair  trial  of  the  wheels  Ifound 
that  they  were  very  dificent  in  power  and  did  not  render  satisfaction  by  no  means, 
consequently  they  was  taken  out,  but  I  had  to  bear  the  trouble  and  expense,  which 
was  considerable.  As  far  as  I  can  judge  there  is  no  better  wheel  made  than  the 
Leffel.  JACOB  WISTER.    , 

Does  all  We  Claim  for  it. 

West  Milton,  Ohio,  April  4th,  1884. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  dc  Co  : 

Gentlemen — It  gives  us  pleasure  to  say  we  have  now  used  your  10  inch  wheel 
for  several  months  under  a  44  foot  head  in  our  flouring  mill  and  are  running  one  3  foot 
burr,  2  set  rolls,  all  the  reels,  elevators,  conveyors,  with  smutter  and  purifier  and  find 
it  gives  us  all  the  power  necessary  to  finish  up  five  bushels  wheat  per  hour,  and  feel 
satisfied  it  will  do  all  or  more  than  you  claimed  for  it.  This  wheel  took  the  place  of  a 
"  Little  Giant"  put  in  on  trial.  Yours  respectfully, 

WEIMER  &  HOOVER. 


58 


JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 


Side  View  of  Mill  Stone  Driven  by  Quarter-Turn  Belt. 


Down  View  of  Mill  Stones  Driven  by  Quarter-Turn  Belt. 


JAMES  LBFFEL   &   CO.,   SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO.  59 

Quarter-Turn  Belt  and  Tightener, 

The  foregoing  page  contains  two  illustrations  or  views  of  a  method 
now  quite  generally  employed  in  driving  mill  stones,  and  frequently 
used  in  communicating  the  power  to  various  other  machinery.  The 
cut  at  top  of  page  gives  a  side  view  or  elevation,  showing  one  run  of 
stone  only,  the  others  being  located  directly  in  a  line  with  it  are  not 
seen.  Any  convenient  number  can  be  driven  in  that  manner,  it  being 
only  necessary  to  lengthen  the  horizontal  shaft,  on  which  the  addition- 
al pulleys  for  each  run  of  stone  may  be  placed.  It  is  to  be  understood 
that  the  horizontal  shaft  is  driven  direct  from  the  upright  water  wheel 
shaft  by  a  pair  of  bevel  gears. 

The  cut  on  lower  part  of  page  represents  a  down  view,  or  ground 
plan.  It  is  supposed  the  person  is  looking  downward  and  on  top  of 
the  stones,  when  the  horizontal  shaft  now  appears  as  an  upright  one, 
and  indeed  the  method  is  just  as  applicable  with  the  driving  shaft  in 
an  upright  as  a  horizontal  position.  On  page  65  we  give  such  an 
arrangement,  driving,  however,  a  saw  mill,  and  without  the  tightening 
pulley.  It  will  be  seen  that  almost  any  kind  of  machine  having  a  ver- 
tical pulley  may  be  run  in  that  way. 

The  quarter-turn  belt  when  used  with  the  tightener  or  idle  pulley 
requires  a  somewhat  different  arrangement  or  position  of  the  pulleys 
doing  the  work,  from  that  necessary  without  the  idler.  The  precise 
position  of  these  pulleys  as  related  to  each  other,  depends  on  the  di- 
rection which  the  belt  takes  or  the  pulley  runs,  and  also  on  which  is 
the  driving  and  receiving  pulley.  To  make  each  position  in  each  in- 
stance clear  to  one  unaccustomed  to  their  use,  would  require  several 
diagrams  and  a  full  explanation.  There  may  be  as  many  as  eight  or 
ten  positions,  which  would,  however,  include  all  from  the  simplest 
method  as  illustrated  in  saw  mill  cut,  already  mentioned,  to  the  most 
complicated  arrangement,  wherein  several  idle  and  tightening  pulleys 
are  used.  It  is  therefore  necessary,  usually,  where  this  method  is  to 
be  adopted,  to  advise  with  some  one,  or  obtain  the  services  of  one  ac- 
quainted with  their  use  and  application  ;  although  it  need  not  be  diffi- 
cult upon  carefully  considering  the  matter. 


Driving  Stone  Polishing  Mill  at  2-3  Gate. 

Sioux  Falls,  Dak.,  April  2d,  1885. 

Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio: 

Gentlemen— The  two  48  inch  LefFel  Water  Wheels,  which  the  Drake  Co.  pur- 
chased from  you  to  run  their  Stone  Polishing  Mill  in  this  city  continues  to  giye  us 
perfect  satisfaction.  In  a  usual  way  we  run  at  %  gate  under  a  13  foot  heed,  produc- 
ing about  120  horse  power,  which  we  find  sufficient  for  our  present  machinery.  The 
Jasper  and  Granite  stone  which  we  handle  is  exceedingly  rough  on  our  machinery, 
but  we  have  at  no  time  experienced  any  difficulty  with  our  motive  power,  and  if  at 
any  future  time  another  wheel  should  be  necessary,  our  experience  up  to  this  time 
would  certainly  justify  us  in  placing  our  order  in  your  hands. 

Yours  respectfully,  H.  M.  STEARNS, 

Superintendent  Drake  Company. 


60-  JAMES    LEFFEl's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL. 

Problems  and  Solutions. 

PROBLEM  I— To  find  the  Circumference  of  a    Circle^  or  of  a 
Pulley: 
Solution. — Multiply  the  diameter  by  3.1416  ;  or  as  7  is  to  22  so 
is  the  diameter  to  the  circumference. 

PROBLEM  2. — To  Compute  the  Diameter  of  a  Circle^  or  of  a 
Pulley  : 
Solution — Divide  the  circumference  by  3.1416  ;  or  multiply  the 
circumference  by  .3183  ;  or  as  22  is  to  7  so  is  the  circumference  to  the 
diameter. 

PROBLEM  3— 2b  Compute  the  Area  of  a  Circle  : 

Solution. — Multiply  the  circumference  by  one-quarter  of  the  dia- 
meter ;  or  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by  .7854  ;  or  multiply 
the  square  of  the  circumference  by  .07958  ;  or  multiply  half  the  cir- 
cumference by  half  the  diameter  ,  or  multiply  the  square  of  half  the 
diameter  by  3. 141 6. 

PROBLEM  ^—To  find  the  Surface  of  aSphere  or  Globe: 

Solution. — Multiply  the  diameter  by  the  circumference  ;  or 
multiply  the  square  of  the  diam  eter  by  3.1416;  or  multiply  4  times  the 
square  of  the  radius  by  3. 141 6. 

PROBLEM  b — To  Compute  the  Diameter  of  a  Toothed  Wheel: 
Solution. — Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  by  the  number  of 
thirtyseconds  of  an  inch  contained  in  the  pitch,  the  product  will  be 
the  diameter  in  inches  and  hundredths  of  an  inch  ;  or  multiply  the 
number  of  teeth  by  the  true  pitch  and  the  product  by  .3184.  These 
results  give  only  the  diameter  between  the  pitch  line  on  one  side  and 
the  same  line  on  the  other  side,  and  not  the  entire  diameter  from  point 
to  pom^  of  teeth  on  opposite  sides.  It  must  also  be  borne  in  mind 
that  these  results  are  only  approximate  diameters,  since  the  wheel 
often  varies  from  the  computed  diameter  in  consequence  of  shrinkage 
and  other  causes. 

PROBLEM  Q  — To  Compute  the  Number  of  Teeth  in  Pinion  to 
have  any  Given  Velocity : 
Solution. — Multiply  the  velocity  or  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  driver  by  its  number  of  teeth  or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  pre- 
duct  by  the  desired  number  of  revolutions  of  the  pinion  or  driven. 

PROBLEM  7— To  Compute  the  Diameter  of  a  Pinion^  when  the 

Diameter  of  the  Driver,  and  the  number  of  Teethin  Driver 

and  Pinion  are  given  : 

Solution.  —  Multiply  the  diameter  of  driver  by  the  number  of 

teeth  in  the  pinion  and  diVide  the  product  by  the    number  of  teeth  in 

the  driver,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  diameter  of  pinion. 


JAMES  LEFFEL  &  CO.,  SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO.  6l 

PROBLEM  H  — To  Compute  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  a 
Pinion  or  Driven,  token  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  Dri- 
ver, and  the  Diamnter  or  the  Number  of  Teeth  of  Driver 
and  Driven  are  given : 

Solution. — Multiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  driver  by  its 
number  of  teeth  or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number 
of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  the  driven. 

PROBLEMS— To  ascertain  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  a 
Driver,  when  the  Revolutions  of  Driven  and  Teeth  or  Dia- 
meter of  Driver  and  Driven  are  Given : 

Solution. — Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  driven 
bv  its  revolutions  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  or 
the  diameter  of  driver. 

PROBLEM  10— To  Ascertain  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  the 
last  luheel  at  the  End  of  a  Train  of  Spur  Wheels,  all  of 
which  are  in  a  line  and  mesh  into  one  another,  when  the 
Revolutions  of  the  first  Wheel  and  the  Number  of  Teeth  or 
the  Diameter  of  the  First  and  Last  ore  given : 

Solution. — Multiplj'  the  revolutions  of  the  first  wheel  by  its 
number  of  teeth  or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number 
of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  the  last  wheel  ;  the  result  is  its  number  of 
revolutions. 

PROBLEM  11— To  Ascertain  the  Number  of  Teeth  in  each  Wheel 
for  a  Train  of  Spur  Wheels,  each  to  have  a  given  Velocity : 

Solution. — ^^ultiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driving 
wheel  by  its  number  of  teeth,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of 
revolutions  each  wheel  is  to  make,  to  ascertain  the  number  of  teeth 
required  for  each. 

PR0BLEM12 — To  Compute  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  the 
Last  Wheel  in  a  Train  of  Wheels  and  Pinions,  Spurs  or 
Bevels,  when  the  Revolutions  of  the  First  or  Driver,  and  the 
Diameter,  the  Teeth  or  the  Circumference  of  all  the  Drivers 
and  Pinions  are  given  : 

Solution. — Multiply  the  diameter,  the  circumference,  or  the  num- 
ber of  teeth  of  all  the  driving  wheels  together,  and  this  continued  pro- 
duct by  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  first  wheel,  and  divide  this 
product  by  the  continued  product  of  the  diameter,  the  circumference, 
or  the  number  of  teeth  of  all  the  pinions,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the 
number  of  revolutions  of  the  last  wheel.  Example  :  if  the  diameters, 
the  circumferences,  or  the  number  of  teeth  of  a  train  of  wheels  are  8, 
S,  lo,  12  and  6,  and  the  diameters,  circumferences,  or  number  of  teeth 
of  the  pinions  are   4,  5,  5,  5  and  6,  and  the  driver  has  ten  revolutions. 


62  JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 

what  will  be  the  number  of  revolutions  for  the  last  pinion  ?  Multiply 
all  the  drivers  together  and  then  by  lo  revolutions  and  you  have  8  by 
8  by  lo  by  I2  by  6  by  lo  equal  to  460800 ;  divide  this  amount  by  the 
product  of  the  figures  for  pinions,  4  by  5  by  5  by  5  by  6  equal  to  3000, 
and  the  quotient  will  be  153  or  the  number  of  revolutions  of  last  wheel. 
This  rule  is  equally  applicable  to  a  train  of  pulleys,  the  given  elements 
being  the  diameter  and  the  circumference. 

PBOBLEATlS—To  Jind  the  number  of  Revolutions  of  Driven 
Pulley,  the  Revolutions  of  Driver^  and  Diameter  of  Driver 
and  Driven  being  given  : 

Solution. — Multiply  the 'revolutions  of  driver  by  its  diameter,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  diameter  of  driven. 

RR0BLEM14^ — To  compute  the  Diameter  of  Driven  Pulley  for 
any  desired  Number  of  Revolutions^  the  Size  and  Velocity 
of  Driver  being  known. 

Solution. — Multiply  the  velocity  of  driver  by  its  diameter,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  revolutions  it  is  desired  the  driven 
shall  make. 

PROBLEM  \b~  To  Ascertain  the  Diameter  of  Driving  Pulley : 

Solution. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  driven  by  the  number  of  rev- 
olutions you  desire  it  shall  make,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number 
of  revolutions  of  the  driver. 


Mining  Wheel  in  Circular  Saw  Mill. 

Moroni,  Snapete  County,  Utah,  February  9th,  i88i. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio. 

Gents — We  take  pleasure  in  stating  that  the  13^  inch  Vertical  Double  Turbine 
Water  Wheel  purchased  of  your  firm  last  season,  through  your  agent  here,  Mr.  C. 
Kemp,  and  set  to  work  as  per  his  directions,  gives  us  every  satisfaction.  We  have  a 
penstock  60  feet  high,  built  on  plan  as  described  on  page  79  of  your  illustrated 
pamphlet  of  i88o,  ot  4  inch  red  pine  plank,  lined  with  inch  timber,  globe  bolted  to 
bottom  of  penstock  and  run  direct  to  circular  saw  pulley  with  open  belt,  as  shown 
on  page  37  of  pamphlet  for  1880;  diameter  pulley  on  water  wheel  shaft  18  inches; 
Mandrel  pulley,  22  inches.  We  have  a  Cooper  rotary  mill,  52  inch  Desston  saw, 
and  can  cut  from  5,000  to  7,000  feet  of  inch  lumber  per  day  of  12  hours.  Other  par- 
ties put  in  a  new  steam  saw  mill  last  year  just  above  us — same  kind  of  mill,  running 
with  same  size  saw  (52  inch,)  but  ve  can  sail  right  through  a  tough  log  that  will 
bring  their  engine,  a  22  horse  power  Ames,  to  a  dead  halt,  although  carrying  heavy 
pressure.  JENS  C.  NELSEN. 

All  They  are  Represented. 

Api'Leton,  Wis.,  April  ist,  1885. 
James  Leff el  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio: 

Gentlemen — The  40,  61  and  66  inch  Water  Wheel  which  we  purchased  of  your 
agents,  Messrs,  Okeef  &  Sons,  of  this  city,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1883,  for  the  use  of 
our  Ravine  Paper  Mills,  are  giving  us  entire  satisfaction,  and  are  all  they  are  rep- 
resented to  be,  S.  K.  WAMBOLD, 

Mang.  and  Treas.  Fox  River  Flour  &  Paper  Co, 


JAMES   LEFFEL   &   CO.,   SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  63 

1-3  to  12  Gate,  Night  and  Day. 

Tecumseh,  Mich.,  April  4,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Gentlemen— We  are  using  one  of  your  40  inch  Special  Wheels.  Wheel  has  been 
in  operation  day  and  night  for  nearly  two  years  and  has  never  given  us  five  minutes' 
trouble  since  starting.  Our  head  varies  from  16  to  18  feet.  We  never  use  more  than 
\^  gate,  seldom  more  than  ^.  We  draw  i  separator,  i  pair  30  inch  smooth  rolls,  2 
large  size  brush  scourers,  2  large  bran  dusters,  6  purifiers,  8  stands  of  elevators,  6 
reels  and  i  centrifugal.  Wheel  has  only  a  2  foot  pit  below  it,  which  we  consider  only 
about  ope-half  what  it  should  have.  We  consider  your  wheel,  for  all  places  and  all 
kinds  of  work,  without  an  equal.  Yours  truly,  WM.  HAYDEN, 

per  Wilson. 

Thirty  Years'  Experience  of  a  Large  Powder  Company. 

Cleveland,  O.,  February  14th,  1883. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Gents — Our  experience  with  your  Leffel  Improved  Double  Turbine  Water 
Wheel  has  been  highly  satisfactory.  In  March,  1873,  we  put  in  two  35  inch  Wheels, 
displacing  a  four  foot  Reynolds  Wheel,  deriving  therefrom  full  as  great  power,  and  a 
most  decided  saving  of  water.  March,  1875,  we  put  in  one  35  inch  wheel,  displacing 
a  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple  American  Turbine.  These  Leffels  run  with  no  loss  of  effic- 
iency or  increased  consumption  of  water  that  we  can  perceive,  either  at  full  or  part 
gate,  and  with  a  decided  advantage  over  the  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple  in  the  attention 
required  to  prevent  clogging  of  the  wheel.  We  also,  at  the  same  time,  put  a  26)^  in. 
wheel  in  a  new  mill,  which  worked  satisfactorily.  Since  then  we  have  put  in  two 
30)^  inch  wheels,  and  shall,  as  soon  as  we  get  time,  put  in  still  another  of  the  same 
pattern.  In  an  extensive  experience  with  water  wheels  of  over  thirty  years,  we  can 
safely  say  that  yours  is  the  best  water  wheel  we  have  yet  tried. 

Yours  truly,  AUSTIN  POWDER  CO., 

L.  Austin,  President. 

Mining  Wheel  182  Ft.  Head. 

Dahlonega,  Ga.,  Nov.  ist,  1883. 
Capt.  Frank  W.  Hall,  Dahlonega,  Oa.  : 

Dear  Sir — It  gives  me  pleasure  to  sav  that  the  1334  inch  Leffel  Wheel,  which 
you  put  in  for  me  at  the  "  Ivey  Mill, "  is  doing  its  work  well  and  giving  entire  satis- 
faction. I  find  with  the  small  amount  of  60  inches  water  under  the  pressure  of  182 
feet,  that  the  wheel  gives  ample  power  to  diive  the  60  stamps  of  460  lbs  each,  and  1 
think  surplus  power  to  drive  20  or  30  additional  stamps.  The  wheel  is  the  most  com- 
plete power  I  have  ever  seen  or  used,  and  a  success  in  every  way.  To  those  who 
wish  to  gain  the  greatest  amount  of  power  from  the  smallest  possible  supply  of  water, 
I  would  cheerfully  recommend  the  Leffel  Wheel,  knowing  there  will  be  satisfaction 
in  every  instance.     With  respect  I  am,  Yours  truly. 

J.  P.  IMBODEN,  Supt.  of  Mines. 

Ten  Inch  Leffel  Cutting  6000  Feet  Lumber. 

Deer  Lodge,  Montana,  April  6,  1885. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Dear  Sirs— For  two  summers  last  past  I  have  been  running  a  50  inch  saw  in  the 
toughest  of  red  fir,  with  one  of  your  to  inch  turbine  wheels,  using  about  175  inches 
of  water,  (miner's  measurement,  the  method  in  universal  use  in  mining  countries) 
under  75  foot  pressure.  It  has  done  the  required  work  satisfactorily,  and  is  well  ca- 
pable of  cutting  6,000  feet  per  day  in  fair  size  logs.  Usually  run  with  gates  full  open, 
though  it  seems  to  give  about  the  same  power  with  gates  about  %  open.  I  believe 
these  wheels  will,  properly  managed,  do  about  what  is  claimed  for  them. 

Very  respectfully  yours,  J.  C.  ROBINSON. 


64  JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL. 

Circular  Saw  Mill  with  Quarter-Turn  Belt. 

The  illustration  on  following  page  gives  a  plan  somewhat  in  detail 
of  a  very  simple  and  efficient  method  for  arranging  circular  mills  in 
many  instances.  This  style  when  adopted,  if  well  put  up,  with  proper 
size  of  pulleys,  and  suitable  length  of  belt,  cannot  fail  to  give  good 
satisfaction.  Usually  in  building  mills  upon  this  plan,  a  wheel  of 
comparatively  small  size  is  used,  operating  under  a  head  of  considera- 
ble height.  In  the  cut,  the  wheel  is  shown  in  our  Patent  Globe,  to 
which  a  head  pipe  is  attached,  leading  from  the  ordinary  upright 
wooden  penstock.  The  pipe  being  attached  to  the  bulkhead  on  out- 
side of  mill,  passes  through  the  stone  wall,  and  connects  directly  to 
the  globe  ;  this  latter  having,  as  is  shown,  a  substantial  foundation  of 
heavy  timbers,  and  stone  piers  or  masonry.  To  the  sides  of  the  globe 
casing  are  flanges  to  rest  upon  the  sills,  affording  it  a  convenient  and 
solid  support.  A  short  draft  tube  is  seen  attached  to  lower  part  of 
cylinder  below,  which  of  course  is  not  necessary  in  all  instances,  since 
the  wheel  and  globe  can  frequently  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  head, 
as  may  be  seen  in  other  parts  of  pamphlet.  ; 

The  power  is  transmitted  directly  to  pulley  on  saw  mandrel,  by 
means  of  what  is  usually  termed  a  quarter-turn  belt,  from  a  pulley 
placed  on  the  water  wheel  shaft.  One  entirely  unacqviainted  with  the 
arrangement  of  the  pulleys  and  belts  in  this  manner,  should  obtain 
the  services  or  advice  of  some  one  who  has  had  some  experience  in  ar- 
ranging, applying  and  putting  such  belts  into  operation. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  centre  of  horizontal  pulley  on  water 
wheel  shaft  is  placed  very  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  bottom  of  pulley 
on  saw  mandrel,  and  the  centre  of  pulley  on  mandrel  is  almost  in  a 
line  with  the  further  edge  of  the  pulley  on  water  wheel  shaft,  although 
it  may  not  be  observed  from  the  illustration. 

The  arrows  indicate  the  only  direction  the  belt  can  run,  with  this 
particular  situation  of  pulleys  in  relation  to  each  other.  Should  the 
direction  of  belt  be  changed,  then  an  entire  change  of  the  location  of 
pulleys  would  become  necessary.  There  need,  however,  be  no  diffi- 
culty in  the  matter,  upon  due  consideration. 

When  this  method  of  using  the  Leffel  Wheel  is  adop'.ed,  it  is  best  to 
have  the  pulleys  situated  some  distance  apart,  perhaps  12  to  18  feet, 
and  not  too  large  in  dimensions,  nor  should  the  one  be  very  lai-ge 
and  the  other  very  small.  When  it  can  be  so  arranged,  they  may  be 
as  nearly  the  same  size  as  the  proper  speeds  of  the  water  wheel  and 
saw  will  admit.  In  almost  all  cases,  however,  the  pulley  on  wheel 
shaft  will  be  smallest,  since  the  method  is  best  applied  to  high  heads 
and  small  wheels.  We  will  give  full  information  on  any  point  con- 
cerning the  method  when  desired. 


In  ordering  wheels  state  whether  they    must  run  WITH  or  AGAINST  sun,  that 
Is  Right  or  Left  hand. 


66  JAMES    LEFFEL's    turbine    water    WHfil^L, 

@«  Unb  uUt  11,000  Scffel  S^ed^ci  im  ©ebrau*,  tt)clc6e 
uhtt  300;000  ^fccbctraft  f^ahtn. 


Dbh)0^l  h)ir  bic  2:^atfad)c,  ba^  unferc  3'Iaber  aUgcntfine  3ufricbcnl;eil 
goben  unter  ben  Derfd)tebenften  llmftcinben,  iDelc^cn  fie  uutei-iuovfcn  finb,  aU 
eincu  unum[to^licl)cn  liBeJucig  i^rer  ^u^erioritat  iiber  ^nbcre  ^olten,  fo  mi.^ 
beuiiod)  ben  ungcl)cuve  ^^Injal)!,  lucld;c  n)ir  berfauft  l)abcn,  oli§  nod)  biel  ftdr» 
fever  5ielDeig  i^rcr  gro^en  3$erbien[te  gelten  unb  gibt  uujiucifcll^aft  3eugni^, 
ba^  fie  bie  33ebiirfniffen  ber  ?^abrifantcn,  iDeldje  ouf  eine  ai^affcrrraft  ange- 
toiefen  ftnb,  boUfommen  entf|)rec^en.  ©o  gro^  wat  ber  33eifaU,  ben  fie  fanben 
unb  fo  gro^  luar  bic  ^ad)f rage  nad)  benfelben,  bo^  iwtr  je^t  ®  I  f  ^  a  u  f  e  n  b 
8tnbcr,lDCl(i^e  bte  ungcl^eure  iVraft  Don  fiinf^iinbcrt 
jloufenb^fcrbefraft  ergeben,  in  crfoIgreid)er  £)))era' 
tion  ^obcn,  SSir  glauben,  ba^  fein  anbercr  ^eiuei^  al^  biefer  notl)H)en« 
big  ift,  urn  irgcnb  einc  borurtl^eilsfreie  ^crfon  bon  ben  unl}ergleid)Ud)en  3^nr- 
jirgen  unfcve^  %\tti  ju  uberjeugen. 

UtUt  3000  ftunftiflc  ^tuttl^tilumtu  tibcr  ^a«  CcfffI  9lal>c«^ 

SStr  gcben  in  biefcr  ^lufloge  cinige  SSriefe  bon  ben  b'elen,  h)eld)e  n)ir  bou 
©olc^en  im  SScfi^e  Ijoben,  bic  unfer  SSafferrab  gebraud)cn.  SScnn  e^  ber 
Staum  unb  bie  ©ebulb  ber  liefer  erlauben  toiirbc,  toiirben  mir  mit  35ergniigcu 
noc^  me^rcrc  ^ublijircn,  aber  einSSuc^  bon  berbriifad)en@rb|e  be^  gcgcnlutirti- 
gen,  fcIbftlDcnn  fonft  gar  niditg  borin  ent^altcn,  notI;ii)enbign)are,  urn  alien  ten 
4mpfc^Iunggbri'  fen,  bie  luir  im  SSefi^c  ^aben,  Slufna^me  ju  geluii^ren,  tci  Wit 
in  unfcrer  £)ffice  3000  Siicfe  d^nlic^en  Snijallcg,  luie  bie  in  biefem  5Buc^c  ^ro- 
bujirlcn,  aufjulueifen  I;aben.  SSir  l^offen,  bal^  bicfe  ®r.tfd)ulbigung  bon  un- 
feren  jal^lrei(^en  greunbcn,  bic  ung  mit  biefen  gcfd)d^tcn  Sriefen  beclirten,  bic 
aber  megen  2Kangel  on  Diaum  nic^t  ^lufnabme  finben  fonnten,  aU  l)inreid)cnb 
erac^tet  toerben  toirb  unb  banfen  h)ir  3lUcn,  fiir  bic  au^gcfprodjene  gute  9Jiei- 
nung  unb  ber  unbegrenjten  patronage,  bic  fie  unfcrcn  9tdbcrn  ju  ^^eil  locr-  j 
ben  lichen.  j 

•-•#♦4' 1 

@^  fiat  25iclc  ill  ©tftauncn  ficfe^t* 

5p i  e  r  c e  (5- 1 1 i) ,  Mo,,  ben  31.  2)e2embcr  1882. 
3am c8  geffcl  &  ©o. :  f. 

SBcrt^c  ^crrcn!  5bren  ^ricf  bom  28.  :£)e3ember  crbalten.  $ll§  5lnt- 
loort  biene  Sl^ncn  ^olgcnbeS :  S)ag  20joflige  ©fecial  *  SRttb,  t>a$  id) 
bonS^nen  gefauft  l^ahe,  i)at  fd)on  manc^en  9J?ann  gum  .fto)3ffd)iittcIn  gcbradjt. 
3c^  \)aht  baafclbc  jc^t  14  9)lonalc  iui  beftdnbigen  ^etvicbe  unb  fann  meinc  3u- 
friebcn^eit  bamit  nid^t  genug  auefprcdjen^  benn  ba^  Heine  eifernc  ^fcrb  arbci- 
itt,  oh  ha^  3Baffer  ^ctt  ober  triibe  ifl,  bag  ^ci^t,  ob  5bldlter  oba  ©tode  ba rin 
flie^en  obcr  ni^t,  ob  ©tauluaffer  bor^anben,  ober  nid)t.  (^c  bcftanb  eiuc 
<Probc,  toelc^c  allc  ?lntoefcnben  in  ©tauucn  bcrfe^te.  ®g  blieb  nemlid)  auf 
einmal,  aU  eS  im  boHcn  8aufc  luor,  Vlo^^ic^  fte^cn,  fo  ba^  ber  gro^c  SRicmen 
abf^rang,  S»a3  ift  Io8  ?  ^ic^  e8  iibcraU.  ®a8  ^at  mu^  fic^crlid)  gerbrodjen 
jein,  toar  bie  aUgcmcinc  SInficbt.  3(!^  aber  Iie^  ba^  SSaffer  abtoenben  unb 
fanb  bag  9iab  fo  btc^t  bcrfc^loffen,  ha^  man  nidjt  ciu  ^aor  ^dtte  butc^jiebcn 
fonncn.  5(^  tuoUte  e8  dffnen,  aber  auc^  ba8  gtng  nic^t.  3(^  lofte  be«l)alb 
We  9liemcn  bon  t>m  Gates  M  unb  fanb  einen  ©treifen  1)^x2  3oU,  2  gup' 


lAMfN    LKKFRL    A    CO.,   SPRlN'GFl  RLI),   OHfO.  6^ 

tang  urn  bo«  5Hnb  ^criim  li.gcn  unb  glaiibtcn  jc^t  nllc  ^Inncfcnbcn,  ba^bn« 
SRab  jerbiodicn  fcin  miifetc.  ?110  id)  abcr  5  Gates  t)crauenal)iii  iui&  ben 
©Irict  loe  bcfiini,  fci?tc  id)  bn^  Siob  ivicber  jufnimncn  unb  baejclb.  aibcitcte 
gerabc  fo  gut,  luic  juuor.  "^JUcn  ""i^crluft,  ben  id)  l)attc,  n)av  l^^,  ©tunbe^fit. 
2Scld)e0  dh\t>  mil  9{eitiftcr  uuivbe  cine  )old)e  ^robc  auel)alten  ?  ^q^  ^Mah 
trebt  cine  SOjoUige  Birtclliige  un^  cincn  Edger  uuler  8  %n^  %a\i  unb  fd)nei- 
bet  2000— 250U  g-u^  eidjinliolj.  5i^ci  mcniger  ale  10  guMft  nur  ^  Gate 
crforbcrlid).  Unfcrc  Logs  l^abon  y»)9  iluorr  n,  bcnn  grobere^  |)oIj,  luie  eeJ 
l)icr  gibt,  l)nbe  id)  nod)  nivgcnbe  gcjeljcn,  unb  luenn  bicfecs  Scnianb  bejlncifelt, 
fo  joU  cr  nur  nnd)  uicincr  ^JOiii^ic  louunen  unb  c^  mit  eigncn  5lugcn  fcl)en. 

3e^er,  ber  cin  SP.^a|[crvab  gcbraudjt,  fann  fcin  beffeve^,  aU  bag  I'cffcrfd)? 
belommcn,  cr  mag  c^  taufen,  ivo  cr  irifl,  bcnh  id)  habe  fdjon  Diele  6orlen 
9idbcr  cingcfc^t,  abcr  nod)  ntc  cinc3  mit  bemfclbcn  drfolg.  Sjl)  l)abe  bercitg 
13  Siabcr'nad)  bcm  l'cffcrfri)cn  ^^>atent  eingejc^t  unb  nad)ftcn  Sonimer  mcrbe 
idj  n)icbcr  cin  11)^  unb  cin  I'J}^  JoUige^  in  mcincr  2JiaI)lniiil)lc  anbiingcn. 
^IdjtungluoU,  3  o  I)  n  (Albert, 


(Bint  SSid^riQC  (Btfaf^tun^  mit  aSafTcrtdbcif* 

9)Unmout^,  3    I.,  ben  21    Sanuar  1883. 
Someg  gcffcl  &  6o. : 

®cct)rtc  ^cricn!  3c()  ful)Ic  mid)  bcrjjflidjtct,  S^ncn  iiber  bie  ^ciftungen 
bc3  2Sa[[errabc>i,  M^  id)  uon  3l)nen  ten  22,  (3e|)tenibcr  crl)alten  i)(\be, 
?lad)nd)t  ju  gcbcn.  5(m  1.  Cttobcr  fc^le  icf)  ein  2&}h  3oU  ^cffcLiBaffcrrab 
i^ur  ^Jlrbett  jurcdjt.  Scit  bicfcr  3cit  trcibt  eg  mir~gh)ci  ©iinge,  einen  fiir 
SSai^en  unb  cincn  fiir  Morn,  fonne  bie  anbere  5}(afd)incrie,  bic  jur  2$erfer- 
tigung  bc^  2)ic^le0  notljiDcnbig  ift,  b.  b.  cincn  SE-aijcnfcpcrator,  cine  sniiit- 
93la)djinc,  cincn  ^^urifier  unb  cincn  ^\m\  ^^fcrt)e  itraft  5lornfd)cUer.  ^er 
SSaiscnftcin  ift  bier  %i\^,  cr  mot)lt  jcd)g  ^ufd)cl  Saijcn  ^cr  ^tunbe.  '^cx 
iUirnftein  ift  cbenfallg  4  %u^.  ©r  ma^lt  ad)t  ^ufd)el  .H'orn  ober  alnangig 
^ufd)il  c'hopp  pn  ©lunbc  unb  bas  Heine  9iab  jel?t  allcS  biefe^  jur  crforber- 
id)cn  ©d)ncUigrcit  in  SeU'cgung,  nur  mit  bcr  balbgeoffnetcn  Gate  unter  bier 
%n^  %aU..  3d)  treibc  hai  'i)Jial)l--®efd)aft  feit  33  Sa^rcn,  7  Sa^rc  in  ©uropa 
unb  me  iibrigc  3cit  in  biefcm  I'anbc.  3c^  i)ahc  in  bicfcr  3eit  mit  bcrfd)ieb?nen 
SSaffcrrabern  gearbeitct,  Unterfd>Iad)ttgc,  Ucberfd)Iad)tigc,  55ruflroE»cr,  Sur- 
bincn  u.  f.  m.,  febod)  bon  alien  bicfm  bcfi^t  fcnie^  bie  itraft,  inie  bai  3amc3 
I'cffcl  SBafferrab,  fobicl  9JIiil)ln)erf  uiit  fo  luenig  SSafjerfraft  in  bic  erforbcr- 
lid)e  5Bch)cgung  ju  fe^cn.  3d)  bebaure  nur,  micl)  nid)t  fc^on  frii^cr  biefeei  3. 
i?cffel  SS^offcrrab  bcbient  ju  l)abcn  unb  fann  id)  jcbcm  g-abrifantcn  ober 
miUev,  bcr  fcin  ©efdjiift  buvd)  SSoffcr  trcibt,  bicfeg  3  :i?tffcl  SSafferrab  auf  3 
^IScftc  em)3fct)lcn,  benn  bicfc  Gate  bic  an  biefcm  a^iabe  ift,  fann  gar  nidjt  gc 
botcn  tocrben,  ^(clitungeboUft  bin  :d)  3^r  grcunb, 

^cter  Og  toalb. 

N.  B.  —  ?bc^  mufe  ic^  bemcrfen,  ba^  id)  cin  Eclipse=9?ab  gebrand)t  ^abc 
in  ben  Ic^ten  brei  3a^rcn  unb  fonnte  mit  ber  gletdjcn  SSaffcrfraft  nur  bier 
55ufc^cl  SSaijcn  mot)lcn  \)(x  ©tunbe.  :5)ag  ift  ha^  befle  too^  id)  t^un  fonnte. 
3n'ct  ©teinc  fonnte  hai  Eclipse-SJab  gar  nic^t  treiben.  g3  fiat  hit  MVjf 
^laft  nid)t,  bie  hai  3  «cffel  SBaffcrrab  befitjt.  r^  ^'     ' 


68  JAMES    LEPFEL's   TURBINE    WATER   WHEEL, 

^ic  bcftc  in  Slmcrtfa. 

5!Ha  l)gbiine,  2S  i  g  c,  ben  18.  gfebruar  1883. 
Samcg  2cff>  I  &  do. : 

2Sertt)c  .^errcn  !  3d)  brouc^c  fcit  13  Sn^rcn  fihif  l)on  3^ren  bctbcffcrtfn 
boppcltcn  SSrtffer-S^urbinen,  bon  berfc()icbencn  ©rb^cn,  35^  30,  26  unb  jhici 
23  3oU  2;uvbineu.  S)ie  353oflige  -turbine  trcibt  etne  ^irculrv-©iicje  54  3oU 
^urdnncffeu  unb  [dc^t  m  10  (gtunben  big  8000  ?Vu^  t)arteg  l^umbcr  unter  12 
%n^  %a\i  tk  305ol(ine  Ireibt  jluei  fciat  4  g-ufj  5)?aI)Ifteine  unb  nllc  nnbere 
9Jtafd)inenc  in  ber  9)lii[)Ie,  auggenommen  bic  9fteinignnei'''D^afct)inen.  !5)ie 
26joI(ige  Surbme  treibt  bier  bopjjelte  SSaljen^Sliil)!?,  fnbrijirt  bci  @.  ^. 
?lllig  &  (5^0.  2)ic  23^ol(ine  jlurbine  trcibt  bie  9?einiciungg'5J?afd)inrn  unb  bic 
;\ugcf)brigcn  ©Icbntor^.  35tc  anbcre  23jonigc  ^lurbinc  trcibt  ben  (^utterftein. 
^lUe  2;urbin«n  laufen  untcr  13  gut?  %ci\l.  2)ic  ^Jiiitjle  inad)t  bci  bcr  jc^igcn 
@inrid)tung  untcr  bolten  j^oll,  bier  ^a^  Wdjl  per  (Stuubc  fcrtig  nut  25 
Bufd)ct  (Sd)rot.  ^Itfc  Siurbincn,  fcit  fie  in  beibcn  SJiiit^Icn  ^lajirt  finb,  ^nben 
nod)  nid)t  nicl;r  aU  5?^n  SoUarg  9f{e)Dartttur  gefoftct.  3d)  bin  bcr  boKcn  ?{n= 
fid)t,  bn^  bie  S^rffcl  2;urbine  bic  bcfte  in  ^^Imcrifa  ift,  in  ^Bejug  nuf  ilraft  bei 
i)albcr  obcr  boHer  £)effnung,  unb  tuiirbc  Scbcrniann  rat()cn,  bcr  cine  turbine 
brand)!,  feinc  anbcre  al^  nur  bic  l^cffcl  Jurbine  ju  faufen. 

5ld)tung0boll,  g-.  ^  a  u  ft  i  a  n. 

fiauft  nad^  11  ^abtcn  nodi  jo  %ut  aH  je, 

&  c  b  a  r  b  u  r  g  ,  2S  i  3  c,  ben  2l,  Mannar  1883. 
Snmcg  Scffcl  &  (Jo.  : 

®cct)rlc  .^crren  !  3t)r  48  Boll  9!ab,  lDcld)eg  toir  im  Suni  18Y2  fauftcn, 
trcibt  unfrc  W\\{)\c  nod)  Uiic  friit)cr  niit  fcd)^  ^aar  ©tcincn  unb  5}Jafd)incrie 
auf  12  %i\^  %a{\.  3c^t  ift  bie  53Ki()lc  niit  SSaI;;cn  cirgcrid)'et  unb  biefclbcn 
fd)cincn  nid)t  fo  bid  ^raft  nolf;ig  ju  babcn,  ciU  ©tcinc.  SSir  t;abcn  blo^  tcii 
cine  Stab  urn  ?ltteg  gu  treiben,  luas  fid)  in  bic  9JJii()lc  bcfinbct. 

gfreublid)ft  grii^t,  '4.  35  o  b  c  n  b  o  e  r  f  c  r. 

g)orf,  51cbr.,  ben  14.  5r|)ril  1885. 
3amcg  Scffcl  &  So. : 

9Bcrtt)e  §crrcn  !  3()rcn  55rief  crbaltcn  unb  bicne  jur  ^Intloort,  ba^  bag 
23joUige  SBaffcrrab,  lucld)cg  id)  im  Suli  1884  bon  3t)ncn  faufte,  untcr  8  guji 
f^-aii  liiuft  unb  bci  I3  gcoffneter  Gate  cincn  3  gu^  ©tcin  trcibt,  lucld)cr  3 
25ufd)cl  Si^djen  |)cr  ©tu'nbc  nial)It,  folnie  bie  anbcrcn  crforbcrIid)cn  93iafd)i* 
nen  jum  3Serfertigcn  beg  9J?cl)Icg  3d)  l^abc  fai()cr  mit  cincm  Dbcrfol)t  gc* 
nial)I(n,  aber  bcr  3l)rigc  gefiillt  niir  bcffcr,  lucit  cr  untcr  bcmfclben  g-all  unb 
fclbigcm  ©trom  nod)  cinmal  jobicl  l^raft  l)at.  Sag  'Hiah  Id^t  nid)tg  ju  Iwiin* 
f d)cn  iibrig.         ?Id)tungeboI(,  gr  r  a  n  j  2B  i  e  n  g. 

Unfcr  neucg  gabrifgcbiiubc  ift  gro^  unb  bcguem,  inbcm  eg  bcfonbcrg  fiirbic:» 
fen  3Uicc£  gcbaut  Jnurbc.  S)ic  gcbraud)tcn  ^Berfjcuge  tunrbcn  cbcnfallg  niit 
grower  ©orgfalt  auggODciljIt,    fo  ha^  \mx  fie  fd)ncU  unb  gut  I)erftcllcn  fonncn. 

S5et  bcr  5^arte  in  cincm  anbcrcn  .2;f)cile  bicfeg  ^an)|3[)ictcg  unb  bcr  5(bbij^ 
bung  unfrrer  B-abriffann  man  crfcl)cn,  ta^  unfcrc  SSerfcnbungg-g-acilitotcn 
auggc3eid)nct  finb,  ba  bor  unfcrer  ^l^iire  me§re;:e  ®ifcnbal;ncn  finb,  bie  no^ 
jcbcm  ^t)cile  ber  2BcIt  ge^en. 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO.  69 

They  Said  it  Would  Fail. 

Lkdforu's  Mills,  Tullahoma,  Tenn,  April  4th,  1885. 
James  Lfffel  iC  Co. : 

Gentlemen— The  ii>^  Turbine  Water  Wheel  I  bought  of  you  last  August  is 
giving  perfect  satisfaction.  It  is  operating  under  30  foot  head.  Runs  two  pair  of  burs 
successfully,  one  a  4  foot,  the  other  334  foot,  at  full  gate.  I  was  told  by  many  that  it 
would  prove  a  failure.  That  I  did  not  have  water  sufficient  to  run  a  Turbine,  as  there 
was  a  Turbine  put  i  n  from  some  other  company  previous  to  my  buying  the  property, 
which  proved  a  failure.  It  is  in  every  respect  superior  to  the  overshot  it  displaced. 
Yours  truly,  S.  V.  LEDFORD. 

125  bbl  Roller  Mill. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  March  30th,  1885. 
Messrs.  Janus  Leffel  S:  Co. : 

Gents— The  thirty-five  inch  Water  Wheel,  special,  from  you  gives  us  entire  sat- 
isfaction We  are  driving  a  125  barrel  roller  mill  and  it  does  its  work  splendidly  un- 
der a  60  foot  fall.  Yours  respectfully, 

gerling  brothers. 
Grinds  Witli  One-Half  Gate. 

Messrs.  James  Lcfftl  it  Co.: 

Sirs — We  are  usiiig  a  thirty-six  inch  "  Leffel's  Improved  Double  Turbine  Water 
Wheel,"  and  can  say  that  it  §ives  entire  satisfaction,  running  a  wheat  and  corn  mill 
with  all  the  machinery  requisite  for  the  same,  with  only  half  gate  water. 

Yours,  &c.,  REGEN  BROTHERS. 

Verona,  Marshall  County,  Tenn. 

175  Barrel  Mill  With  3-5  Gate. 

BoARDMAN,  Wis.,  March  30,  188s. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Gents — The  48  inch  Water  Wheel  purchased  of  you  last  fall  has  proved  satisfac- 
tory in  every  respect.  We  took  out  a  60  inch  Stout  Mills  &  Temple  Wheel  and  put 
your  48  inch  in  its  place  and  started  up  under  16  foot  head.  Our  mill  has  capacity  of 
175  barrels  flourdaily.  When  we  were  making  the  change  some  of  the  boys  in  the 
mill  thought  the  48  inch  would  not  start  the  mill,  it  looked  so  small  beside  the  one 
taken  out,  but  when  we  come  to  let  the  water  on  they  found  it  would  carry  the  mill 
with  about  3-5  gate  under  16  foot  head.  Yours  truly, 

JOHNSTON.  BRO.  &  CO., 
Successors  to  W.  &  Jos.  Johnston 

Displaced  52  Feet  Overshot  and  8  Feet  Breast  Wheel. 
Gold  and  Silver  Mill. 

Dayton,  Nev.,  Feb.  5th,  1883. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  lO  Co.: 

Dear  Sire — Yours  of  December  17th,  directed  to  Lyon  M.  &  M.  Co.,  at  hand, 
and  as  that  Company  is  out  of  existence,  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to  answer  it  my- 
self, for  the  reason  that  before  Lyon  Mill  ordered  a  wheel,  I  had  the  choice  of  a 
wheel  for  the  Company,  and  I  chose  your  wheel.  I  think  you  made  the  wheel  late 
in  1875  or  early  in  '76.  I  put  in  the  wheel ;  you  also  made  case  for  it.  It  has  been  in 
constant  use  ev^r  since,  and  the  water  at  times  quite  muddy  from  tailings  run  into 
the  river  from  mills  above.  Considering  the  water  we  use  for  power,  I  don't  believe 
there  was  ever  a  piece  of  machinery  put  together  that  gave  more  perfect  satisfaction 
than  your  wheel. 

Lyon  Mill  Co.  bought  another  of  your  wheels  last  year  and  we  have  it  now;  but 
the  way  the  old  wheel  is  operating  it  may  be  years  yet  before  it  will  be  worn  out; 
there  is  never  any  repairs  on  it.     1   have    run  that  wheel  over  100  days  without  stop- 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  7I 

ping,  and  did  not  stop  then  for  the  wheel,  but  to  clean  out  the  boiler  in  the  mill.  If 
1  had  use  for  one  hundred  wheels  they  would  all  be  LefFel's  Wheels,  as  then  I  could 
depend  on  my  power.  Ours  is  a  35  inch  ;  we  don't  use  more  than  ^  gate  ;  the  wheel 
is  very  economical  as  your  gates  are  the  most  perfect  form;  we  adjust  them  for  the 
water  we  have  as  perfectly  as  you  can  an  engine  by  its  throttle.  Ours  is  a  quartz  or 
tailings  mill,  about  160  tons  per  24  hours.  We  have  12  pans  and  12  settlers,  which 
take  from  12  to  14  horse  power  to  the  pan,  making  fully  150  horse  power  besides  our 
Battery  of  ten  stamps  and  two  mills  for  crushing  rock.  The  same  24  inch  main 
driving  belt  is  on  that  I  put  on  when  I  put  in  the  wheel  seven  years  ago,  so  you  can 
judge  that  it  does  its  work  very  easily.  1  he  belt  travels  43  feet  per  second,  the  driv- 
ing pulley  4  feet  4  inches,  driven  pulley  11  feet. 

Our  wheel  lays  on  its  side,  but  I  am  willing  to  bet  and  give  large  odds,  that  it  will 
run  upright,  on  its  side,  on  an  angle,  or  inclined,  or  any  way  that  it  can  lie  set  up,  and 
give  good  satisfaction.  There  is  never  any  trouble  with  the  wheel.  We  have  56  feet 
head  of  water,  run  with  gates  ^  open;  your  wheel  is  driving  the  machinery  that  a  52 
foot  overshot  and  an  8  foot  breast  wheel  formerly  did  ;  at  the  same  time  we  are  not 
getting  half  of  the  power  in  your  wheel  that  it  contains,  on  account  of  not  having  the 
water  to  fill  it;  but  it  will  do  the  work  economically  according  to  the  water,  much  or 
little.     Wishing  you  success,  allow  me  to  subscribe  myself.         Truly  yours, 

CHARLES  H.  RULISON,  Supt.  for  J.  M.  Douglass  &  Co., 
Successors  to  Lyon  Mill  &  Mining  Co 

High  Falls  and  Small  Quantities  of  Water. 

A  PROPER  TEST  FOR  A  TURBINE  WHEEL. 

The  severest  practical  tests  to  which  turbines  can  be  subjected,  are 
to  take  the  place  of  overshot  wheels  under  high  falls,  and  when  ap- 
plied to  heads  and  pressures  entirely  too  great  to  admit  at  all  of  the 
application  of  an  overshot  either  single  or  double  ;  and  in  both  in- 
stances where  the  quantity  of  water  is  extremely  limited,  being  only 
supplied  by  a  few  springs.  It  can  certainly  be  claimed  for  the  wheel 
that  succeeds  under  those  circumstances,  that  it  is  a  strong  and  dura- 
ble one,  easy  of  application  and  management  when  in  operation  ;  and 
that  it  is  the  very  best  turbine  thatcan  be  constructed. 

We  therefore  invite  special  attention  to  the  statements  we  publish 
elsewhere  in  this  pamphlet  from  practical  millers  and  millwrights, 
who  have  had  years  of  experience  with  overshot  wheels,  under  high 
falls  and  small  quantities  of  water — just  the  circumstances  under 
which  it  has  been  formerly  considered  impossible  for  any  turbine  to 
successfully  compete  with  an  overshot ;  and  we  think  it  not  too  much 
to  say,  that  the  Leffel  Wheel  is  the  onfy  wheel  that  can  achieve  such 
results  under  such  conditions.  But  severe  as  is  this  test,  the  Leffel 
Wheel  has  not  only  proven  equal  but  superior  in  every  respect  to  the 
overshot  ;  and  it  will  also  be  observed  that,  notwithstanding  the  high 
degree  of  economy  demanded  in  the  use  of  so  small  a  quantity  of 
water,  not  one  of  the  wheels  is  using  full-drawn  gates.  In  factj 
some  are  operating  with  gates  only  one-quarter  open  ;  thus  proving 
beyond  a  doubt  the  highest  degree  of  economy  in  our  wheel  with  par- 
tial gates. 

Another  fact  that  cannot  escape  attention,  is  the  immense  power 
produced  by  such  small  wheels.  We  claim  this  as  a  feature  peculiar 
to  the  Leffel  Wheel  ;  and  from  the  principle  of  its  construction,  we 
ftre  ^ble  ^et  tp  increase  its  capacity  much  beyond  its  present  power,  if 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  73 

in  any  case  the  circumstances  may  seem  to  require  it.  We  have 
found,  by  careful  comparison  with  many  other  wheels,  that  we  can 
produce  a  far  greater  power  from  the  same  size  wheel,  thus  enabling 
us  to  use  a  much  smaller  wheel  for  any  purpose  than  is  usually  ap- 
plied by  any  other  form  of  turbine. 

We  built,  some  time  since,  a  wheel  of  but  10  inches  in  diameter,  and 
using  the  same  number  of  square  inches  and  cubic  feet  of  water  that 
our  7^  inch  wheel  uses  ;  it  supersedes  a  120  horse  jiower  engine,  as 
the  wheel  gives  that  power  and  has  a  head  of  228  feet.  It  was  built 
of  fine  brass  and  steel,  with  buckets  made  of  German  Silver,  and  was 
a  perfect  model  of  strength  and  beauty.  We  have  also  put  in  opera- 
tion a  number  of  others,  under  heads  of  80  feet  and  over.  One  was 
built  and  applied  recently  to  ahead  of 300  feet,  for  mining  purposes, 
being  the  highest  head  ever  utilized  in  this  country.  In  fact,  the  form  of 
its  construction,  and  the  nature  of  the  action  of  the  water  upon  it,  admits 
of  its  use  under  pressures  far  greater  even  than  those  mentioned. 

The  essential  points  to  be  observed  are  few  and  simple,  and  consist 
mainly  in  having  the  machinery  immediately  connected  to  the  wheel 
of  neat  proportions,  and  as  light  as  is  consistent  with  the  work  to  be 
performed,  and  otherwise  to  reduce  the  friction  to  the  smallest  amount, 
as  it  must  be  obvious  that  massive  machinery  and  much  friction  upon 
a  small  wheel  running  at  a  high  velocity  must  seriously  detract  from 
the  good  performance  of  the  wheel.  Simplicity  in  the  arrangement  of 
machinery  is  likewise  of  the  greatest  importance,  for  it  is  a  very  easy 
matter  to  so  absorb  the  power  of  sm'all  wheels  by  undue  length  of 
shafting  and  long  trains  of  gearing,  particularly  bevel  gearing,  that 
there  will  be  but  comparatively  little  available  power  left. 

Description  of  Plates  on  Pages  70  and  72. 

The  plates  on  pages  70  and  72  illustrate  one  of  the  most  complete 
and  successful  achievements  of  hydraulic  engineering  in  this  country, 
which  at  once  shows  that,  by  the  use  of  the  Leftel  Wheel,  many  valua- 
ble powers  can  be  created,  where  now  it  is  considered  impracticable  by 
reason  of  the  high  fall  and  limited  amount  of  water  in  the  stream. 
The  success  of  this  will  not  only  establish  the  fact  that  the  Leftel 
Wheel  is  durable  and  gives  a  steady  motion  under  excessively  high 
falls,  but,  also,  that  so  great  is  its  economy  in  use  of  water  that  a  sur- 
prisingly large  amount  of  power  can  be  obtained  from  a  very  small 
stream  of  water.  In  fact  the  amount  of  work  done  by  the  Leftel  Wheel 
under  these  high  falls,  when  compared  with  the  small  stream  of  water 
used,  is  surprising  and  a  mystery  to  those  who  are  not  sufticiently  ac- 
quainted with  the  principles  governing  the  operation  of  the  Wheel  to 
know  that  it  embraces  the  elements  requisite  to  give  the  very  largest 
amount  of  power  that  is  possible  to  obtain  from  a  limited  quantity  ot 
water.  We,  therefore,  call  particular  attention  to  this  mill,  as  it  will 
no  doubt,  convince  others  that  they,  by  the  use  of  the  Leftel  Wheel, 
may  secure  equally  as  vaUiable  and  constant  a  power.     This  mill,  as 


74  JAMES    LEFFEL's     TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL, 

shown,  is  a  large  flouring  mill  belonging  to  H.  C.  Williams,  Ithica, 
N.  Y.,  and  has  five  to  six  run  of  large  burrs,  with  all  the  necessary 
machinery  for  a  first-class  merchant  mill.  On  page  72  will  be  found 
plate  and  detailed  description  of  the  machinery,  as  arranged  in  the 
mill.  The  mill  is  located  at  the  base  of  a  hill,  from  the  summit  of 
which  the  water  is  obtained  to  drive  it.  The  stream  is  a  very  small 
one  indeed,  furnishing  but  a  limited  quantity  of  water.  The  water  is 
carried  down  to  the  Wheel  (which  is  located  in  basement  of  mill) 
through  an  iron  pipe  500  feet  long,  where  it  is  attached  to  a  Globe  case 
in  which  the  Wheel  is  placed.  The  Wheel  itself  is  153^  inches  diam- 
eter, but  is  reduced  in  capacity,  so  that  it  uses,  with  full  gate,  only  the 
same  quantity  of  water  as  our  11)2  inch  Wheel,  and  can,  therefore, 
virtually  be  regarded  as  one  of  that  size.  It  is  made  wholly  of  brass 
and  steel,  and  of  the  highest  finish.  The  fall  employed  is  95  feet,  and 
although  the  Wheel  with  full  gates  uses  only  14  square  inches  of 
water,  yet  it  gives  sufficient  power  to  run  six  large  burrs  at  one  time, 
besides  a  vast  amount  of  other  machinery,  such  as  separator,  packer, 
etc.  Abovit  200  feet  from  lower  end  of  main  pipe  is  attached  a  branch 
pipe'leading  down  to  another  mill,  (plaster  mill,)  in  which  is  placed  a 
13/^2  inch  Wheel,  reduced  in  capacity  to  a  lo-inch  Wheel  ;  this  Wheel 
operates  under  82  feet  fall,  and  is  enclosed  in  Globe  case  similar  to  the 
one  in  flour  mill.  The  plaster  mill  is  not  shown  in  the  plate.  After 
the  water  has  operated  upon  the  Wheel,  it  is  conducted  through  an 
underground  tunnel  and  discharges  through  the  small  archway  into 
the  channel  of  a  large  stream  which  will  be  seen  flowing  in  frorit  of 
the  mill.  The  operation  of  this  Wheel  has  excited  the  grea;.>5t  in- 
terest and  wonder  throughout  that  vicinity. 

The  plate  on  page  72  gives  in  detail  the  arrangement  of  the  ma- 
chinery in  the  mill  shown  on  page  70.  Although  the  little  wheel  is 
doing  an  astonishing  amount  of  work,  yet  the  machinery  which  it 
drives  is  not  arranged  in  as  simple  and  complete  a  manner  as  the  pecu- 
liar advantages  of  our  Wheel  would  permit,  the  mill  having  formerly 
been  run  by  two  large  overshot  wheels.  The  inachinery  was  arranged 
and  adapted  to  the  overshot  wheels.  In  applying  our  Wheel,  there 
was  no  change  made  in  the  machinery  whatever,  hence  all  the  heavy, 
complicated  machinery  used  with  the  overshot  wheels  has  to  be  car- 
ried by  our  little  Wheel,  which,  added  to  the  work  of  propelling  five 
pairs  of  large  burrs,  makes  its  performance  wonderful.  We  have 
taken  some  pains  to  show  the  manner  of  connecting  this  Wheel  to  the 
work,  as  it  is  a  method  that  can  be  frequently  adopted  where  it  is  de- 
sirable to  connect  our  Wheel  to  the  same  machinery  run  by  the  over- 
shot wheel,  and  where  the  machinery,  for  variovis  reasons,  cannot  be 
changed.  The  bvn-rs  are  located  around  the  main  spur  wheel  G  ;  the 
shaft  U  extends  up  into  the  mill  running  the  machinery  ;  the  pinion 
E,  which  receives  the  power  of  the  Wheel  through  the  pulley  D, 
works  into  the  spur  wheel  G,  thus  driving  all  or  any  number  of  the 
burrs  at  one  time.  The  belt,  running  from  the  pulley  on  the  water 
>vheel  sb^ft,  i§  j6  inches  wide,  anc}  runs  with  a  speed  of  almost  89  feet 


76  JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL, 

per  second.  B  is  the  Globe  case  within  which  the  wheel  is  placed, 
and  although  the  pressure  on  this  case  is  over  43  pounds  per  square 
inch,  jet  it  remains  perfectly  watertight,  and  shows  no  signs  of  undue 
strain  upon  it.  A  is  the  pipe  which  conducts  the  water  to  the  wheel. 
At  I  there  is  a  screw  and  worm  wheel,  for  opening  the  gates  of  the 
wheel,  which  by  this  means  is  done  gradually,  thus  avoiding  any  sud- 
den shock  which  might  be  produced  by  suddenly  opening  or  closing 
the  gates.  The  gates  of  the  wheel,  under  this  enormous  pres- 
sure, are  opened  with  the  greatest  ease,  requiring  in  fact  scarcely  more 
force  than  if  under  a  fall  of  only  ten  feet.  The  casing  B,  is  firmly 
bolted  to  timbers,  secured  in  heavy  masonry.  In  some  instances,  it 
may  be  found  convenient  to  use  a  short  draft  tube,  but  we  aim  always, 
where  it  is  possible,  to  avoid  entirely  the  use  of  an^^  tube,  except  a  short 
one  cast  on  the  Globe,  the  end  of  which  should  be  so  located  as  to 
touch  the  standing  tail -water. 


Decked  Penstock— Direct  Attaclimeiit  to  Burrs. 

There  are  some  mi'ls,  particularly  flour  and  saw  mills,  that  are  so 
situated  with  reference  10  flume,  that  it  is  difficult  to  gear  or  attach 
the  spindles,  or  horizontal  shaft  to  the  water  wheel  shaft  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  This  frequently  happens  where  the  water  is  on  a 
level  with  the  second  or  third  stbry  of  the  mill,  and  the  machinery 
operating  on  the  first  floor.  In  such  a  case  the  wheel  can  be  placed, 
as  shown  in  the  accompanying  plate.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  per- 
pendicular portion  of  flume  or  penstock,  there  is  a  horizontal  section 
flume  built  in  which  the  wheel  is  placed.  This  decking  may  be  three 
or  four  feet  high  on  the  inside,  where  the  head  is  about  14  feet  and  the 
water  wheel  of  about  23  inches  diameter.  Other  sizes  of  wheels  and 
other  heads  require  different  heights  of  decking. 

This  plate  shows  a  shaft  that  is  attached  to  the  wheel  shaft,  passing 
out  of  the  top  of  decking  of  this  horizontal  section  of  flume,  and  around 
the  shaft  is  placed  a  stuffing  box  to  prevent  leakage  of  water;  around 
the  gate  rod,  there  being  one  also  for  the  same  purpose.  To  the  up- 
right shaft  attached  to  the  wheel,  may  be  applied  bevel  gears  for  driv- 
ing the  horizontal  shaft  for  the  saw  mill,  or  spur  gears  may  be  used  as 
shown  in  the  cut  to  drive  mill  burrs.  The  shaft  can  be  extended  up- 
wards between  the  burrs  to  which  elevators  and  other  machinery  can 
be  attached.  The  advantage  of  this  method  of  placing  the  Avheel  is 
that  the  power  can  be  brought  nearer  to  the  point  where  the  work  is 
to  be  done,  otherwise  it  w  ould  have  to  be  brought  through  a  long  train 
of  gears  and  shafting,  which  of  course  would  tend  greatly  to  lessen 
the  usual  effect  of  the  wheel. 

As  the  value  of  any  mill  depends  mainly  upon  the  power  to  propel 
it,  we  wovild  say,  conform  the  machinery,  if  possible,  to  the  wheel,  and 
not  the  wheel  to  the  machinery,  as  it  is  too  frequently  done.  Bring 
the  work  as  near  the  wheels  as  possible  and  avoid  too  great  length  of 
shafting  and  complication  of  gearing.     An  excess  of  shafting  and  too 


yg  JAMES  IePFEL's  turbine  WATER  WhEEL, 

much  gearing  always  tend  to  greater  wear  and   friction,  requiring  at- 
tention, that  they  may  always  he  in  perfect  order. 

In  building  this  style  of  flume  we  cannot  too  much  impress  the 
necessity  of  having  strong,  heavy  timbers  and  plank,  which  ought  to 
be  fitted  closely,  particularly  at  the  joints,  elbows  or  turns.  The  husk 
or  frame  support  of  millstone  is  built  entirely  upon  a  separate  founda- 
tion, resting  upon  stone  walls,  piers  and  abutments  as  will  be  seen. 
The  corner  posts  may  be  considerably  heavier  than  the  illustration  in- 
dicates, and  two  or  three  others  should  be  framed  in  the  long  part  or 
side  next  to  view,  and  from  this  to  the  upper  horizontal  plate,  diagonal 
pieces  may  be  framed  or  securely  nailed  to  give  it  the  greatest  possible 
stiffness  and  strength.  By  building  the  frames  separate  from  the  pen- 
stock, either  of  them  can  be  renewed  at  any  time,  that  it  may  become 
necessary. 

Open  Penstock— Direct  Attachment  to  BiuTS,  Page  75. 

A  plain,  substantial  flume  is  constructed  with  good,  heavy  timbers 
and  a  firm  foundation.  The  stone  piers  and  the  back  wall  may  be 
placed  upon  planking,  as  illustrated  in  the  cuts  on  pages  75  and  87, 
providing  the  foundation  is  a  soft  one  ;  or  upon  stone  providing  the 
bottom  of  the  pit  is  of  that  material.  In  all  cases,  however,  the 
level  of  the  tail  water  when  standing,  ought  to  be  as  high  as  the  top 
surface  of  the  lowest  sill.  The  space  below  the  sills  in  the  cut  was  left 
that  the  placing  of  the  sill  on  the  wall  and  the  pier  might  be  observed  ; 
but  in  practice  the  water  should  cover  all  of  these,  that  the  full  benefit 
of  the  head  and  fall  may  be  realized,  by  means  of  a  tube  or  cylinder 
extending  downward  from  the  wheel,  touching  the  water  when  in  oper- 
ation, and  thus  excluding  the  air  and  utilizing  the  full  power. 

There  should  be  sufficient  space,  both  in  depth  and  width  between 
the  floor  of  the  flume  and  the  floor  of  the  tail  race,  to  let  the  water  pass 
out  freely  and  without  obstruction  from  beneath  the  flume  or  penstock. 
The  floor  of  this  penstock  should  be  of  heavy  planking  to  give  suffi- 
cient firmness  to  support  the  combined  weight  of  water  and  the  wheel 
with  the  shafting  and  gearing.  In  the  floor  of  this  penstock  there 
should  be  cut  a  hole  of  sufficient  size  to  admit  the  cylinder  of  wheel 
casing,  which  will  pass  through  the  floor  of  the  penstock,  thus  allowing 
the  wheel  to  rest,  by  means  of  the  flange  of  its  cas.ing,  upon  the  floor. 
It  will  not  require  anything  to  fix  it  to  its  place,  as  the  weight  of  the 
wheel  and  water  will  hold  it  firmly  in  position.  The  penstock  is  a  mere 
continuation  of  the  flume  or  forbay,  as  the  cut  shows,  excepting  that 
it  has  a  little  greater  depth  and  strength  ;  the  planking  of  the  forbay  or 
flume  being  merely  extended  into  the  penstock.  This  penstock  should 
in  every  case  be  made  according  to  the  dimensions  in  column  F  of  the 
tables  on  pages  27  and  33,  accompanying  the  cuts  on  preceding  pages 
26  and  32.  The  floor  of  the  penstock  it  must  be  remembered,  should 
come  sufficiently  near  the  standing  tail  water  that  the  end  of  the  cyl- 
inder projecting  downward  from  the  wheel  casing  through  the  floor. 


James  LeIS'f'eL  A  co.,  sprixgfield,  otiro.  79 

will  dip  two  or  three  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  as  the  cut 
on  page  26  already  alluded  to  clearly  illustrates. 

A  pit  of  good  depth  should  ahyays  be  dug  underneath  the  flume  in 
all  cases,  to  preyent  the  water  from  reacting  upon  the  wheel,  whereby 
the  amount  of  power  would  be  diminished.  This  penstock  can  be  con- 
structed to  suit  the  peculiarities  of  the  location,  the  essential  points  to 
obserye  being,  to  haye  it  strong  enough  and  of  sufficient  capacity  to  let 
the  water  to  the  wheel  without  obstruction.  In  the  illustration  the 
mill  stone  husk  is  shown  upon  the  penstock  timbers  ;  it  maj  be  built 
separately  from  this,  and  independent  of  it,  as  will  be  found  in  cut  on 
page  71^.  The  timbers  supporting  the  burrs  may  be  heayier,  and  more 
of  them  than  is  shown  here  ;  and  diagonal  braces  may  also  be  used  for 
stiftening  and  making  the  husk  more  solid  and  substantial. 


Percentage  Tests  of  Water  Wheels. 

The  general  introduction  of  the  Turbine  Wheel  as  a  motor  was  im- 
mediately followed  by  attempts,  with  yarying  degrees  of  success,  to  de- 
yise  some  means  of  testing  or  measuring  its  power  in  the  different 
forms  in  which  it  was  constructed.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  method 
generally  adopted  has  been  the  use  of  the  friction  brake,  dynamometer, 
and  the  lifting  of  weights.  While  this  method  of  testing  a  wheel  ap- 
pears a  simple  one,  and  should  apparently  yield  definite  results,  it  has 
been  found  in  the  experience  of  manufacturers  of  wheels  and  in  that 
of  practical  mill-owners,  to  be  entirely  unreliable  as  an  indicator  of 
the  amount  of  Ayork  the  wheel  will  perform.  We  haye  held  this  view 
of  the  matter  for  years,  in  our  publications  and  correspondence.  As 
an  example  of  the  position  which  we  haye  taken  vipon  this  subject,  and 
still  maintain,  we  make  the  following  extract  from  our  pamphlet  issued 
in  1867  : 

"The  ordinary  method  of  determining  the  ratio  of  useful  effect  pro- 
duced by  a  wheel  from  a  certain  quantity  of  water  is  by  means  of  a 
friction  brake,  or  by  raising  weights,  where  the  quantity  of  water  and 
the  height  through  w  hich  it  falls,  or  in  other  words,  the  amount  of 
head  and  fall  employed,  is  carefully  compared  wath  the  amount  of  re- 
sistance oyercome.  Thus  what  is  called  the  percentage  of  power  is  ac- 
curately obtained.  Now,  while,  in  a  scientific  sense,  to  ascertain  the 
percentage  of  a  wheel  is  of  some  value,  and  to  which  formerly  much 
importance  was  attached,  it  has  become  a  well-established  fact,  from 
the  many  careful  tests  made  by  individuals  and  corporations,  that  the 
co-efficient  of  useful  effect  thus  determined  cannot  be  held  as  a  measure 
of  the  efficiency  of  a  wheel,  or  taken  as  any  assurance  that  the  same 
comparative  results  will  be  obtained,  when  applied  to  the  various  pur- 
poses of  manufacture.  Before  this  fact  was  fully  established  it  was  a 
matter  of  much  astonishment  not  only  to  manufacturers,  but  to  the 
builders  of  wheels  themselves,  to  find  a  great  disparity  existing  between 
the  results  obtained  in  an  experimental  test  and  the  results  produced 
when  practically  applied  to  propel  machinery.  So  great  has  been  this 
difference  that  many  wheels  which,  from  the  high  per  cent,  obtained 


So  JAMES    LEFFEL's    TURBINE    WATER    WHEEL, 

by  test  trials,  gave  flattering  promise  of  a  successful  and  economical 
wheel,  when  reqviired  to  overcome  the  ever-changing  resistance  of  ma- 
chinery, have  totally  failed  to  meet  the  requirements  of  an  economical 
wheel.  So  frequently  have  these  failures  occvu-red  that  it  forms  one  of 
the  great  obstacles  of  introducing  a  really  valuable  and  successful 
wheel  ;  and  it  is  an  ordinary  thing  for  shrewd  and  careful  manufac- 
turers to  say  :  '  We  know  beautijul  results  can  he  produced  before 
test  committees,  but  what  u)illyour  wheel  do  in  my  millf  " 

It  is  a  well-authenticated  fact  that  in  an  experimental  test  of  the  kind 
above  described,  a  number  of  wheels  widely  differing  in  their  actual 
practical  efficiency  may  give  an  almost  uniform  percentage  of  power 
■ — the  experience  of  manufacturers  showing  that  of  those  very  wheels 
some  will  do  nearly  double  the  actual  work  performed  by  others. 

One  of  the  most  memorable  and  instructive  cases  of  this  kind  on 
record  was  the  competitive  test  of  water  wheels  at  the  Fairmount 
Water  Works,  in  Philadelphia,  in  1859-60.  It  is  an  unquestioned  fact, 
and  one  within  the  knowledge  of  all  manufacturers  of  wheels,  that  in 
the  Fairmount  test,  in  which  the  lifting  of  weights  was  the  criterion  of 
effect,  several  wheels  gave  nearly  90  per  cent,  of  power,  while  others 
were  not  far  behind  ;  and  that  wheels  which  gave  the  most  flattering 
percentage  in  the  test  were  fovind  in  their  subsequent  practical  opera- 
tion to  be  of  comparatively  little  value,  while  other  wheels  which  stood 
relatively  low  in  the  experimental  scale  proved  to  be  in  practice  far 
more  effective  than  those  which  yielded  the  larger  percentage.  We 
cite  the  Fairmount  test  not  only  because  it  was  a  signal  instance  of  the 
deceptive  results  of  a  trial  by  percentage,  but  also  for  the  reason  that 
the  attention  of  mill-owners  w^as  largely  drawn  to  it  as  one  of  the  most 
exhaustive  and  searching  tests  ever  undertaken.  That  it  was  thoroughly 
and  carefully  conducted  is  shown  by  the  completeness  of  the  prepara- 
tions. The  apparatus  for  the  test  was  constructed  under  a  liberal  ap- 
propriation by  the  City  Council  of  Philadelphia,  and  neither  pains  nor 
expense  was  spared.  The  amplest  provision  was  made  in  money,  ma- 
terial, and  skill  for  the  demands  of  the  occasion,  and  manufacturers  of 
turbines  were  invited  to  send  or  bring  wheels  to  be  tested,  without  ex- 
torting or  impelling  the  payment  of  a  fee.  And  in  order  to  avoid  any 
false  computation  which  might  possibly  occur  from  the  measurement 
of  water  by  the  use  of  a  weir  (which  is  liable  to  erroneous  results,)  an 
absolutely  certain  method  was  adopted,  the  water  being  caught  in  a 
large  tank  and  measured  with  perfect  accuracy. 

In  the  ascertaining  of  the  useful  effect  or  percentage  the  liability  tQ 
error  involved  in  the  use  of  the  ordinary  appliances  w^as  avoided  by 
substituting  the  lifting  of  weights,  and  in  every  particular  the  trial  was 
beyond  criticism  in  the  minute  precision  with  which  its  fundamental 
theory  was  applied.  No  one  can  question  the  ability  with  w^hich  the 
test  was  conducted.  It  was  superintended  by  the  best  engineering 
talent  in  the  country,  and  no  candid  man  can  read  the  admirable  and 
exhaustive  report  of  the  trial  (which  is  contained  in  a  large  and  hand- 
somely illustrated  pamphlet,)  without  being  convinced  of  the  thorough- 


'  JAMES    LEFPEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  Ol 

hess,  skill,  and  impartiality  "which  characterized  it  in  every  reSpect. 

Yet,  after  all,  of  v,hat  practical  value  was  this  test  ?  "What  did  it 
teach  ?  Simply  nothing  except  the  inadequacy  of  such  tests  to  reveal 
those  peculiar  properties  of  the  water  wheel  which  constitute  its  value 
as  a  practical  motor.  The  very  wheel  which  gave  the  highest  per- 
centage of  power  at  Fairmount,  when  put  to  the  test  of  propelling  ma- 
chinery by  the  manufacturing  community,  was  found  inadequate  and 
inefficient  ;  and  the  maker  of  that  wheel  having  at  length  abandoned 
it,  after  endeavoring  for  several  years  to  put  it  en  the  market,  adopted 
in  its  stead  a  wheel  belonging  to  the  class  which  gave  the  lowest  per- 
centage in  the  Fairmount  test,  and  is  now  engaged  in  its  manufacture, 
with  much  better  results  than  with  his  former  w  heel.  Other  wheels, 
moreover,  which  fell  far  behind  in  the  Fairmount  trial,  have  since  at- 
tained a  more  eligible  position  in  the  esteem  of  the  manufacturing 
community  than  the  wheels  which  surpassed  them  in  the  experimental 
tests.  * 

While  such  tests  may  to  some  degree  or  in  a  measure,  in  the  hands 
of  entirely  competent  and  honest  parties,  give  comparatively  reliable 
results,  under  particularly  favorable  circumstances,  they  cannot  aftbrd 
truthful  indications  of  the  operation  of  a  wheel,  which  is  subject  not 
only  to  unfavorable  circumstances  in  location,  etc.,  but  to  constantly 
changing  speeds  imder  various  conditions.  With  a  percentage  test 
the  wheel  is  tried  but  a  few  seconds,  at  a  perfectly  uniform  speed,  dis- 
charging the  same  quantity  of  water  for  each  interval  of  time,  with 
the  flume  and  pit  in  the  very  best  possible  condition,  both  for  entrance 
and  discharge  of  water.  The  gateage  is  then  probably  changed,  and 
a  few  seconds'  test  made  in  that  manner,  under  the  same  uniform 
conditions  as  at  first ;  and  so  on  are  a  number  of  such  test  s  made. 
In  practice,  the  wheels  are,  perhaps,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  operating 
under  verv  unfavorable  circumstances,  not  only  as  to  the  entrance 
and  discharge  of  water  to  and  from  the  wheel,  but  as  to  the  size  and 
proportion  of  the  gears,  and  the  location  of  the  wheel  in  relation  to 
the  work  to  be  done.  The  motion,  especially  in  woolen,  cotton,  and 
saw  mills,  is  ever  changing,  exceedingly  unsteady,  and  these  changes 
by  no  means  in  a  uniform  degree,  and  of  course  discharging  for  each 
interval  of  time  difterent  quantities  of  w-ater  than  where  the  condi- 
tions are  uniform  and  favorable,  as  in  the  test  flume.  In  such  cases 
no  percentage  test,  however  carefully  devised  and  conducted,  will 
aftbrd  an  exponent  indicating  the  real  obtainable  power,  particularly 
when  the  experiment  is  made  under  the  unfavorable  conditions  to 
which  we  have  already  alluded.  As  a  consequence,  some  wheels 
which,  by  the  percentage  method,  give  a  high  and  uniform  result,  will 
fall  far  below  more  ordinary  wheels  in  their  average  work  when  sub- 
mitted to  this  ever-varying  routine  of  change. 

Aside  from  the  inability  of  percentage  testing  to  prove  the  actual 
worth  of  a  wheel  for  driving  various  kinds  of  machinery,  should  it  be 
done  even  in  an  honest  and  competent  manner,  it  proves  nothing 
whatever  as  to  the  durability  of  a  wheel,  ck*  as  to  its  general  manage- 

9 


82  JAMES   LEFFEL's   TURBINE   WATER   WHEEL, 

mcntwhen  it  has  been  once  in  operation  a  number  of  jears.  This  re- 
quires the  practical  operation  of  a  large  number,  many  of  which  have 
been  running  for  several  3'ears,  before  all  the  points  of  merit  and  de- 
merit become  apparent  or  fully  demonstrated.  So  also  is  the  ease  of 
repairing  and  the  liability  of  breakage  only  subject  to  demonstration 
by  actual  use. 

In  view  of  the  failure  of  all  tests  of  the  character  above  described, 
to  indicate  the  actual  available  merits  of  the  competing  wheels,  we  are 
led  to  the  unavoidable  conclusion  that  the  only  reliable  test  of  the 
power  of  a  water,  wheel  is  its  practical  working,  whether  in  grinding 
grain  or  the  propelling  of  machinery,  under  the  varying  conditions 
which  it  is  destined  to  encounter,  and  for  a  length  of  time  sufficient  to 
exemplify  those  conditions  and  reveal  their  effect. 

In  the  foregoing  remarks  we  have  had  in  view  only  those  few  tests 
which  are  at  least  honestly  and  fairly  made,  and  about  which  there  is 
no  fraud,  pretence,  or  intended  deception.  There  are  "  tests,"  so- 
called,  of  which  we  frequently  hear,  but  which  might  more  justly 
be  called  conspiracies.  We  refer  to  the  "  tests  "  which  builders 
of  water  wheels  in  competition  with  the  Leifel  Wheel  often  profess  to 
have  made,  publishing  the  alleged  results  with  an  immense  flourish  of 
trumpets,  and  claiming,  of  course,  to  have  achieved  a  brilliant  victory 
over  the  Leftel  Wheel.  The  fact  has  in  almost  every  instance  proved 
to  be  that  these  parties  had  held  a  private  test  to  suit  their  own  ideas 
and  interests,  and  entirely  without  our  knowledge  or  consent. 

Sometimes  we  are  informed,  from  some  distant  part  of  the  country, 
by  some  vmknown  builder  of  wheels,  that  he  is  about  to  make  a  test 
against  our  wheel  in  some  mill,  and  that  we  must  appear  on  the 
ground  and  see  that  our  wheel  is  in  order,  which  has  perhaps  been  in 
operation  a  number  of  years.  We  are  commanded  by  such  novices 
as  though  we  had  nothing  to  occupy  our  time,  or  our  business  had  no 
claims  vipon  our  attention,  and  as  though  it  were  our  duty  to  aid  in 
making  them  and  their  wheel  a  reputation,  or  at  least  to  give  them  in- 
fluence hy  a  recognition  of  their  wheel.  They,  however,  do  not  de- 
sire our  presence,  but  it  is  done,  in  such  cases  as  reach  our  notice,  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  a  pretence  to  be  fair,  and  to  influence  spectators 
or  judges.  Fairness  and  honesty  is  not  what  they  want ;  it  is  their 
desire  to  test  in  our  absence.  It  would  be  a  very  poor  wheel  which 
could  not  beat  the  Leftel  under  such  circumstances,  however  much  it 
might  fall  short  of  it  in  actual  merit  and  practical  value.  The  invar- 
iable selection  of  the  Leftel  Wheel,  however,  as  a  standard  of  com- 
parison by  opposition  wheel  builders,  and  their  extreme  anxiety  to 
make  it  appear,  by  fair  means  or  foul,  that  their  wheel  is  equal  or  sup- 
erior to  the  Leftel,  is  one  of  the  most  striking  proofs  which  caa 
be  afforded  that  it  is  beyond  dispvite  the  best  water  wheel  in  use. 


JAMES    LEFFEL   &    CO.,    SPRT  X(;  FI  KLD,    OHIO.  83 

*'He  Told  the  Fall  Truth  About  the  Wheel." 

OsvKA,  Miss.,  May  28th,  1884. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

I  am  just  in  receipt  of  a  letter  from  Helena,  Ark.,  making  inquiries  about  the 
Leffel  Wneel.  I  write  to  him  to-day  the  full  truth  about  the  wheel.  Since  it  was  put 
in  on  August  17th,  1877,  till  the  present  writing,  nearly  seven  years,  it  has  never  had 
to  be  loooked  at — neither  wheel  nor  gate  has  ever  been  out  of  order.  It  has  ginned 
six  crops  of  cotton  and  done  our  grinding  ;  cut  all  the  oat  straw,  and  for  two  years 
has  had  a  circular  saw.  There  are  a  number  of  your  wheels  here  iu  reach  of  my  ob- 
servation, that  have  been  running  for  years,  and  I  have  never  heard  any  kind  of  (  om- 
flaint  urged  agarnst  one  of  them,  nor  have  I  heard  of  an  owner  who  was  dissatisfied, 
send  you  the  letter  as  you  may  wish  to  write  to  him.  Your  wheel  has  run  two 
terms,  and  we  are  by  it  like  by  the  President,  we  have  no  desire  to  make  a  change. 

T.  E.  TATK 

Pulp  Mill— Two  87  Inch  Wheels  at  2-3  Gates. 

APPLET0^4,  Wis.,  Jan,  ist,  1883. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Gentlemen — lam  using  two  of  your  I  _  inch  Wheels  in  my  pulp  mill  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Wis.  They  are  giving  entire  satisfaction.  Under  a  ten  foot  head  and  with 
a  two-thirds  gate,  they  give  ample  power  to  drive  four  pulp  grinders,  a  refiner,  pump, 
and  two  saws.  I  am  making  from  three  and  one-half  to  four  tons  of  diy  pulp  every 
twenty-four  hours,  and  have  ample  power. to  make  from  one  to  two  tons  more,  during 
the  same  period.  I  have  used  several  other  make  of  water  wheels,  but  yours  gives 
better  results,  using  less  water,  than  any  other  1  have  tried. 

Yours  truly,  WELCOME  HYDE. 

On  Half  Gate,  4  Feet  Fall. 

San  Jcan  Mill,  Bexar  Co.,  Tex.,  April  3,  1385. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  d-  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Dear  Sirs — Am  well  satisfied  with  the  50  inch  Special  you  sold  me.  The  Wheel 
has  been  running  now  about  7  months,  and  1  never,  so  far,  have  had  any  trouble  with 
it.  With  lour  feet  fall  at  about  half  gate,  it  drives  easily  the  corn  mill,  &c.:  occasion- 
ally a  corn  elevator  and  a  sheller,  as  well  as  a  hominy  machine.  I  can  well  recom- 
mend yours  to  any  man  who  wants  a  reliable  wheel. 

Yours  truly,  F.  E.  GROTHAUS. 

On  Part  Gate  and  on  its  Merits. 

Yankton,  Dak.,  April  2,  1885. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

We  are  running  the  10  inch  Leffel  Water  Wheel  under  a  30  foot  head.  We  run 
this  wheel  on  feed  and  corn  meal  altogether  at  %  to  %  gate  ;  grind  about  15  bushels 
meal  per  hour  or  about  25  bushels  feed.  As  far  as  the  wheel  giving  satisfaction  is 
concerned,  I  never  had  a  failure  in  the  Leffel  Wheel,  having  used  and  sold  a  great 
many  on  their  merits.  Yours,  &c., 

ROLLER  KING  MILLING  CO., 
S.  Kaucher,  Supt 

On  (Juarter  Gate  and  2  1-2  Feet  Head. 

Bancroft,  Mich.,  April  i,  1885. 
James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Dear  Sirs— We  can  say  that  the  56  inch  Water  Wheel  that  we  bought  of  you 
gives  entire  satisfaction.  We  use  it  in  the  manufacturing  of  Excelsior  under  a  five 
foot  head.  We  have  five  machines,  one  saw  and  press,  and  it  will  run  the  whole 
thing  with  %  gate,  and  can  run  the  whole  mill  with  2}^  feet  head  at  su?h  a  time  as 
high  water.  Yours  truly, 

SHIAWASSEE  EXCELSIOR  CO. 


JAMES   LEFFEL   *   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  85 

Saw  Mill.— Explanatioii  of  Plate  on  Foregoing  Page. 

This  cut  illustrates  a  first-class  circular  saw  mill,  built  in  the  most 
recent  and  modern  stvle,  and  supplied  with  all  the  arrangements  and 
conveniences  for  manufacturing  a  large  amount  of  lumber  ;  although 
the  minor  details  are  omitted  in  the  illustration,  that  the  circular  mill, 
penstock  and  connection  of  wheel,  saw  and  work,  maj  be  exhibited 
on  a  scale  of  sufficient  size,  without  complications,  to  render  the  gen- 
eral plan  easily  understood.  The  water  wheel  in  this  case  mav  be  our 
303/0  or  35  inch,  vmder  a  14  or  15  feet  head  of  water,  and  located  as  the 
design  represents,  in  a  decked  penstock,  built  precisely  upon  the  j^rin- 
ciple  and  in  the  manner  of  that  shown  on  page  87,  except  that  perhaps 
in  that  case  the  wheel  is  smaller  and  penstock  higher,  necessitating 
somewhat  more  strength  in  the  posts  and  planking  although  not  requir- 
ing so  great  internal  dimensions  as  in  the  cut  before  us  ;  since  the 
lower  the  head  the  less  pressure,  and  consequently  the  less  resis- 
tance required  in  posts  and  planking,  with,  however,  nearly  the  same 
aggfegate  strength  in  the  floor  planking  amd  sills,  for  the  lower  head, 
requiring  as  it  does  a  larger  floor  and  more  space,  with  also  larger 
wheels. 

This  same  plan  is  also  given  in  a  general  way  on  page  75,  though  a 
more  portable  and  not  so  substantial  a  form  as  our  cut  here  illustrates. 
It  is  by  no  means  essential  that  the  decked  penstock  in  all  cases  should 
be  used  for  saw  mills  ;  it  usually  happens,  however,  w  here  the  head  is 
more  than  an  average  height,  it  becomes  necessary  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venience, that  the  power  be  taken  oflf  below  the  level  of  head  water, 
in  which  case  the  decked  penstock  is  required,  or  a  better  substitute  in 
the  Globe  Casing  as  illustrated  on  pages  22,  55,  65  and  72.  In  many 
instances  where  the  head  water  and  penstock  are  low,  and  the  floor  of 
mill  of  modern  height,  a  method  may  be  adopted,  in  which  there  is  no 
decking  or  oifset  used,  the  wheel  being  simply  set  or  located  in  the 
open  penstock,  with  its  shaft  extending  above  the  cap  timbers,  a  gear 
on  this  shaft  connecting  with  the  one  on  the  horizontal  shaft,  and 
conducting  the  power  under  the  main  floor,  where  it  can  be  taken  off 
by  means  of  a  pulley  and  belt,  and  transmitted  through  the  floor  to 
the  pulley  on  saw  mandrel  as  our  cut  here  exhibits  ;  or  it  may  be  con- 
nected direct  to  an  upright  mill  by  gearing,  as  cut  on  page  77 
represents  ;  or  may  be  used  upon  a  crank  shaft  of  vipright  saw  under 
the  mill  by  a  belt. 

The  principle  of  communicating  the  power,  conducting  it  to  the 
proper  location,  and  connecting  it  to  the  saw  mill,  which  may  be  eithei 
circular  or  upright,  is  precisely  similar,  whether  the  Decked,  Globe  01 
Open  Penstock  is  used,  as  may  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  illustra 
tions  on  pages  65,  77,  84  and  96,  although  each  diftcrent  case  maj 
reqviire  some  slight  modifications,  by  which  the  particular  circum 
stances  may  each  be  adapted  the  one  to  the  other,  yet  by  no  mean 
departing  from  the  general  principle  or  arrangement  as  stated  above 
In  the  cut^  the  driving  pulley  on  main  horizontal  line  sl)^ft  ^nd  th 


86  JAMES  leffel's  turbine  water  wheel, 

belt  are  not  shown,  as  they  are  near  and  under  the  floor  ;  the  belt 
passes  through  the  floor  and  connects  with  the  pulley  on  saw  mandrel, 
being  almost  or  entirely  out  of  the  way  of  the  workmen  and  lumber ; 
if  for  any  purpose  it  is  considered  desirable,  the  main  line  may  be 
placed  higher,  when  a  part  of  pulley  and  belt  would  be  above  the 
floor.  The  gate  arrangement  beyond  the  log  carriage  can  be  located 
at  any  convenient  point,  and  under  the  floor  may  be  attached  by  a 
gear  or  rack  connections  to  the  gate  rod  at  water  wheel. 

Parties  applying  to  us  for  any  information  concerning  the  adapta- 
tion of  water  wheels  to  saw  mills,  should  always  give  as  full  and  com- 
plete a  statement  of  the  circumstances  in  the  case  as  possible  ;  stating 
whether  a  mulay,  sash,  gang  or  circular  mill  ;  the  amount  of  head 
water,  and  probable  size  of  stream,  which  may  be  estimated  by  direc- 
tions given  elsewhere  in  pamphlet,  or  by  letting  us  know  how  far 
above  or  below  other  mills  you  are,  if  any,  and  what  amount  of  work 
they  are  doing  in  24  hours.  State  also  size  and  capacity  of  your  pro- 
posed mill,  and  particularly  the  size  and  kind  of  saw,  whether  circular 
or  upright,  and  what  kind  and  amount  of  timber  you  intend  cutting  in 
inch  measure  per  hour,  or  per  day  of  twelve  hours.  All  these  condi- 
tions modify  more  or  less  the  size  and  adaptation  of  water  wheel  to 
the  proposed  work. 

Description  of  Illustration  on  Following  Page. 

The  cut  exhibits  in  a  clear  and  distinct  manner,  a  style  of  flume  and 
penstock,  often  employed  in  cases  where  the  power  is  to  be  taken  off 
or  applied  below  the  level  of  head  water.  It  is  termed  usually,  a 
decked  penstock  ;  and  is  variously  modified  in  its  construction, 
although  in  no  case  differing,  in  general  principle,  materially  from 
that  shown  in  this  instance.  The  illustrations  on  pages  84  and  96  are 
of  the  same  design  and  idea  ;  but  vary  somewhat  in  the  detail  of  con- 
structions. In  the  one  on  page  84  it  will  be  observed,  the  decking  is 
upon  the  same  side  of  the  upright;  instead  of  the  front  as  seen  in  the 
cut  before  us,  it  can  be  used,  or  the  wheel  placed  on  either  side  or 
front,  as  circumstances  may  require  in  each  particular  instance.  The 
building  and  general  arrangement  of  the  penstock  need  hardly  be 
described  ;  each  detail  being  so  carefully  shown  as  to  convey  at  once 
a  correct  idea  of  the  whole  affair.  It  might  be  stated,  that  to  insure 
durability  and  general  efiiciency,  it  should  be  made  strong  and  tight, 
using  heavy  timbers  and  planking  ;  the  latter  well-jointed,  with  a 
short  bevel  on  the  inner  edge  of  each  plank,  to  admit  of  caulking  or 
stopping  of  any  small  leaks,  by  the  collection  of  sediment  or  small 
floating  particles.  The  planking  may  be  tongued  and  grooved  if  pre- 
ferred ;  but  in  no  case  should  the  lumber  be  entirely  dry  nor  altogeth- 
er green  ;  if  too  dry,  the  planking  would  swell  and  bulge  off  its  bear- 
ings, and  if  too  green,  would  shrink,  leaving  the  penstock  loose  and 
leaky,  when  left  a  few  days  exposed  to  the  air,  with  the  water  out  of 
the  flume  and  bulkhead,  or  penstock. 


88  JAMES  leffel's  turbine  water  wheel, 

The  cut  shows  the  sills  or  foundation,  with  planking  on  them,  all 
laid  on  the  bottom  of  a  dry  pit,  upon  which  the  stone  piers  are  placed. 
The  cut  on  page  77  has  the  piers  resting  directly  upon  a  stone  bottom, 
without  the  sills  or  planking,  they  being  unnecessary  Avhere  such  a 
foundation  can  be  obtained.  The  piers  must  in  all  cases  be  carefully 
and  solidly  laid  up  (water  cement  being  preferable  to  mortar,)  since 
the  entire  weight  of  all  the  wood  work,  water,  water  wheel,  with  some 
of  the  shafting  and  gearing  must  rest  upon  them.  In  neither  of  these 
cases,  in  fact  in  no  case,  must  it  be  inferred,  that  the  penstock  bottom 
or  the  foundation  planking  must  stand  thus  above  the  tail -water.  The 
level  of  tail -water.  Mobile  standing  or  running,  should  and  must  stand 
on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  sills  placed  on  the  top  of  stone  piers,  on 
which  the  plank  of  decking  and  main  part  of  decking,  and  main  part 
of  penstock  are  placed  ;  if  the  very  best  results  are  desired.  An  inch 
or  two  lower  than  this,  or  two  or  three  inches  higher  than  the  top  of 
these  sills,  will  not  affect  the  results  in  a  material  manner  ;  bvit  beyond 
these  limits,  a  decrease  of  power  may  be  expected.  The  planking 
should  be  well  nailed  to  each  post,  wherever  it  touches  them,  by  this 
means  preventing  them  from  spreading  or  pulling  apart,  and  avoiding 
the  necessity  of  cross  ties  framed  into  the  posts.  The  bottom  planks 
are  supported  by  sills  and  ties,  the  ends  of  the  plank  being  seen  pro- 
jecting through  on  the  side,  lying  on  the  side  sill,  and  securely  nailed 
to  its  resting  place.  The  two  middle  sills  are  supported  by  rods  or 
bolts. 

Explanation  of  Tables  on  Pages  89,  90,  91. 

The  following  tables  are  taken  from  "Leffers  Construction- of  Mill- 
dams  and  Bookwaltcr's  I»Iillwright  and  Mechanic"  ;  published  by  Jas 
Leffel  &  Co.  The  calculations  for  these  tables  have  been  carefully 
made  from  the  formula  of  Weisbach  ;  and  will  be  found  extremely 
useful,  in  determining  the  available  power  of  water,  inoving  at  any 
velocity,  from  one  to  twenty  feet  per  second,  through  pipes  from  nine 
to  thirty  inches  inside  diameter.  The  length  of  pipe  for  which  the 
table  is  calculated  is  100  feet.  As  however,  the  loss  of  head  by  fric- 
tion, varies  in  the  same  direct  ratio  as  the  length  of  the  pipe,  the 
amount  of  such  loss  in  a  pipe  of  greater  or  less  length  than  100  feet, 
can  be  easily  ascertained. 

For  example  :  to  find  the  loss  of  head  in  a  pipe  47  feet  long,  9  inches 
inside  diameter,  discharging  79.41  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute. 
This  rate  of  discharge,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  table,  indicates  a  velocity 
of  3  feet  per  second.  The  loss  of  head  is  found  in  the  column  for  9 
inch  opposite  the  figure  3  in  the  column  of  velocities,  viz.:  45-100  of  a 
foot  for  a  pipe  100  feet  long.  For  a  pipe  47  feet  long  it  will  be  forty- 
seven  hundredths  of  .45  feet,  or  .45  multiplied  by  .47,  making  21-100 
feet,  di-opping  decimals  below  the  second  place.  That  is,  for  one  foot 
of  pipe  the  loss  is  .45  divided  by  100,  and  for  47  feet,  forty-seven  times 
the  loss  of  one  foot. 
f 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO. 

LOSS  OF  HEAD  BY  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  PIPES. 
Calculated  for  Pipes  lOO  Feet  Long. 


89 


INSIDE     DIAMETER     OF     PIPE     IN     INCHES. 

Velocity 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

of 
Water 
through 
Pipe  in 
Feet  per 
Second. 

a  n 

n  n 
:    ? 

2.0 

It 

0  n 

•    > 

ft 

§"2. 

II 

:    g 

1   5' 

1. 

0-0 

cl'*' 
0  * 

§"2, 

^1 

n  n 

:   i> 
:    ?' 

S3 

§'2. 

1 

26.47 

.065 

32.70 

.059 

39-55 

.054 

47.  ic 

.049 

55.30 

.045 

64.08 

.042 

2 

52.94 

.220 

65.40 

.198 

79.10 

.180 

94.2c 

.164 

110.60 

.152 

128.16 

.141 

3 

7941 

•450 

98.15 

.407 

11865 

.370 

.623 

141.30 

.339 

165.90 

.313 

192.24 

.291 

4 

105.90 

.;6o 

130.85 

.685 

158.20 

188.40 

.570 

221.20 

.527 

256.32 

.489 

5 

132.37 

1.14 

163.50 

1.03 

197.76 

.932 

235.40 

.855   276.50 

.789 

320.40 

.735 

6 

158.84 

1.59 

196.20 

1-43 

237.30 

1.30 

282.50 

1.20 

331.80 

1. 10 

384.48 

1.03 

7 

X85.31 

2.12 

22890 

1.90 

276.85 

1.73 

329.60 

1.59 

387.10 

1.46 

448.57 

1.36 

8 

211.80 

2.71 

261.60 

2.45 

316.40 

2.23 

376.70 

2.04 

442.40 

1.88 

512.66 

1-75 

9 

238.29 

337 

294.29 

3.03 

355-95 

2.76 

423-80 

2-53 

497.70 

-.33 

576.75 

2.17 

10 

264.77 

4.11 

327.00 

3.70 

395.50 

3-36 

470.90 

3-08 

553.00  2.85 

640.84 

2.64 

119 

291.26 

4.90 

359-70 

4.41 

43505 

4.0I 

518.00 

3.68 

608.30 

3.39 

704.93 

3.15 

12 

317.74 

5.77 

392.39 

5.19 

474.62 

4.72 

565.10 

4.32 

663.60 

3.99 

769.02 

3.71 

13 

344.22 

6.70 

425.09 

6.03 

514-17 

5.48 

612.20 

5.03 

718.90 

4.64 

833.10 

4.30 

14 

370.70 

7.71 

457-79 

6.93 

553-72 

6.30 

659.30 

5.78 

774.20 

5.33 

897.18 

4.95 

15 

397.18 

8.77 

490.49 

7.90 

593-27 

7.18 

706.35 

6.58 

829.50 

6.08 

961.27 

5.64 

16 

423.65 

9.91 

523.18 

8.92 

632.82 

8.II 

753-45 

7.43 

884.75 

6.86 

1025.36 

6.37 

17 

430.13 

II. II 

555.88 

10.00 

672.37 

9.09 

800.50 

8.33 

940.00 

7.69 

1089,45 

7.15 

18 

476.61 

12.38 

588.58 

II.I4 

711.92 

10.13 

847.60 

9.29 

995.30 

8.57 

1153.54 

7.96 

19« 

503.08 

13.71 

621.28 

12.34 

751.52 

11.22 

894.70 

10.28 

1050.60 

9.49 

1217.63 

S.Sz 

^0 

529.56 

15.11 

653-98 

13.60 

791.07 

12.36 

94175 

11.33! 

1105.^ 

10.46 

1281.72 

9-7« 

90 


LOSS 


JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

OF  HEAD  BY  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  PIPES.— Continued. 
Calculated  for  Pipes  loo  Feet  Long. 


INSIDE     DIAMETER     OF     PIPE     IN     INCHES. 

Velocity 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

of 
Water 
through 
Pipe  in 
Feet  per 
Second. 

n 

a"' 

Is, 

a  n 
:   ?' 

k 

ft  n 
\    ^ 

I   5 

1'^ 

h 

:    ? 

Q-o 

^1 

n  n 

5-.? 

It 

If 
i 

1 

73-58 

.039 

83.68 

.037 

94-56 

.035 

106  00 

.033 

118.09 

.031 

130.87 

.029 

2 

147- 16 

.132 

167.36 

.123 

189.12 

.116 

212.00 

.110 

23C.18 

.104 

261.74 

•099 

3 

220.74 

.272 

251-04 

.255 

283.68 

.239 

318.00 

.225 

354.27 

.214 

392.61 

.204 

4 

294.32 

.457 

334.72 

.428 

378.24 

-403 

424.00 

.380 

472.36 

.361 

52348 

•34,') 

5 

367.90 
441-48 

.683 
.957 

418.40 

.640 

472.80 

.601 

530.00 

•570 

590.45 

.537 

654.35 

.515 

6 

502.08 

.895 

567.36 

.841 

636.00 

.795 

708.54 

753 

785-22 

.715 

7 

515-07 

1.27 

585.76 

1.19 

661.92 

1. 12 

742.00 

1.06 

826.63 

1. 00 

916.09 

•950 

8 

588.66 
662.25 

1.63 

669.45 

1-53 

756.48 

1.44 

848.00 

1.36 

94^.72 

1.29 

1046.96 

1.23 

9 

2.02 

753.14 

1.89 

851.04 

..78 

954-00 

1.68 

1062.81 

1.59 

1177-83 1-51 

10 

735.84 

246 

83683 

2.31 

94560 

2.18 

1060.00 

2.06 

1 180  90 

1.95 

1308.70 

1.85 

11 

809.43 

2.94 

920.52 

2.76 

1040.162.59 

1166.00 

2-45 

1298.99 

2.32 

1439-57 

2.21 

12 

883.02 

3.46 

1004.21 

3-24 

1134.72  3  05 

1272.00 

2.89 

1417.08 

2.73 

1570.44 

2.59 

13 

956.60 

4.02 

1087.90 

3-77 

1229283.55 

1378.00 

3-35 

1535.17 

317 

I70I.3I 

3.02 

14 

1030.18 

4.62 

1171-59 

4-33 

i323.84'4.o8 

1484.00 

3-86 

1653.26 

3.65 

1832.18 

3-47 

15 

1103.77 

5.26 

1255.28 

4.93 

i4i8.40|4  65 

1590.00 

4-38 

1771.35 

4.16 

1963-05 

3.95 

16 

1177-36 

5-94 

1338-9^ 

5.58 

1512.96  5  25 

1696.00 

4-96 

1889.44 

4.69 

2093.92 

4.46 

17 

1250.95 

6.67 

1422.64 

6.25 

1607.525.88 

1802.00 

5-55 

2007.53 

526 

2224.79 

5.00 

18 

1324-54 

7-43 

1506.35 

6.97 

1702.086.55 

1908.00 

6.19 

2125.62 

586 

2355-66 

,5  57 

19 

1398.13,8.22 

1590.OC 

7.71 

1796.64  7.26 

2014.00 

6.86 

2243  71 

6.49 

2486.53,6.17 

20 

1471.75 

j'g.oS 

i673.6{ 

J8.50 

1891.20 

8.00 

2120.00 

7.56 

2361.80 

I7.16 

2617.4c 

16.80 

JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO. 


91 


LOS^  OF  HEAD  BY  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  PIPES.— Continued. 
Calculated  for  Pipes  100  Feet  Long. 


Velocity 

of 

.  Water 

through 

Pipe  in 

Feet  per 

.  Second. 

INSIDE     DIAMETER     OF     PIPE     IN     INCHES. 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

It 

SI 
j  g 

CLo 

a-' 

1 

.027 

5-2 

n  n 

\    S 
:    5* 

n  ? 

P 

o-o 

Is- 

0  (n 

5-g 

2.0 

1'^ 

5-g 

H 

n  n 

1    ^ 
:    5 

p 

k 

0  S2 
1-2, 

:   5' 

1! 

S3 

li 

§'2. 

1 

158.36 

1S344I     .025 

221.13 

.023 

256.56 

.021 

29444 

.019 

2 

316.72 

.{^ 

37G.88 

.082 

442.26 

.076 

513.12 

.071 

588.88 

.066 

3 

475-08 

.135 

565-32 

.169 

663.39 

.157 

769.68 

.145 

883.32 

.136 

4 

633.44 

.3" 

75376 

.285 

884.52 

.263 

1026.24 

•245 

1177.76 

.228 

5 
6 

731.80 

.466 

942.20 

.428 

1105.65 

■394 

1282.80 

.368 

1472.20 

.342 

950.16 

.650 

1130.64 

.600 

1326  78 

.550 

1539.36 

•515 

1766.64 

.478 

7 

1108.52 

.865 

1319.08 

.795 

1547.91 

.730 

1795.92 

.680 

2061.08 

.635 

8 

1266.88 

1.12 

1507.52 

1.02 

1769.04 

•940 

2052.48 

.875 

2355-52 

.815 

9 

1425.24 

1.38 

1695.96.   1.27 

1990.17 

1  17 

2309.04 

1.08 

2649.96 

I. ox 

10 

1583.60 

1.68 

188440    1.54 

2211.30 

1.42 

2565.60 

1.32 

2944-40 

1.23 

11 

1741.96 

2.01 

2072.84    1.84 

2432.43 

1.69 

2822.16 

1.57 

323884 

1.47 

12 

1900.32 

2.36 

2261.28    2.16 

2653.56 

2.00 

3078.72 

1.86 

353328 

1-73 

13 

2058.68 

2.74 

2449.72    2.52 

2874.69 

2.32 

3335.28 

2.15 

3827.72 

2.0I 

14 

2217.04 

3.15 

2638.16    2.89 

3095.82 

2.67 

3591.84 

2.48 

4122.16 

2.31 

15 

2375-40 

3-59 

2826.60    3.29 

3316.95 

3-04 

3848.40 

2.82 

4416  60 

2.63 

16 

2533-76 

4.06 

3015.04    3.72 

3538.08 

3.43 

4104.96 

3.19 

4711.04 

2.97 

17 

2692.12 

4-55 

3203.48,  4.17 

3759.21 

3.85 

4361.52 

3.58 

5005.48 

3-33 

18 

2850.48 

5.07 

3391.92    4.65 

3980.34 

4.29 

4618.08 

3.98 

5299.92 

3.73 

19 

3008.84 

5-61 

3580.36    5.r4 

4201.47 

4  75 

4874.64 

4.41 

5594.36 

4.11 

20 

3167.20 

6.18 

3768,80 

5.67 1 

4422.6o[ 

5.23 

5131-20 

4.86 

5888.80 

4.53 

92 

J 

AMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

Vel 

oci 

ty,  Discharge  and  Power  of  Nozzles 

nDia,2=CLeters  of  liTozzles. 

1  in. 

IX  i». 

2  in. 

2>^in. 

3  in. 

3>^in. 

4  in. 

cu.  ft. 

H.  P. 

cu.  ft. 

H.  P. 

cu.  ft. 

H.  p. 

.018 

cu.  ft. 

•255 

H.  p. 

.029 

cu.  ft. 

•372 

H.  p. 

.040 

cu.  ft. 

•50 

H.  P- 

.056 

cu.  ft. 

^6 

H.P. 

.072 

I 

8.02 

.041 

.004 

•093 

.010 

.164 

15^ 

9--83 

-050 

.008 

.III 

.019 

.200 

•034 

.312 

•053 

•444 

.076 

.61 

.105 

.800 

.136 

2 

11-35 

.058 

•  013 

.130 

.029 

.232 

•052 

•360 

.082 

•  520 

.X16 

.70 

.160 

.628 

.208 

-       2>^ 

12.68 

.064 

.018 

•  145 

.041 

•256 

.072 

.402 

.114 

•589 

.164 

•79 

.224 

1.C2 

.288 

3 

13.90 

.069 

.024 

•  159 

■°^A 

.284 

.096 

.440 

.150 

■\f 

.216 

.86 

•295 

I 

M 

•384 

3M 

15.01 

.076 

.030 

.171 

.068 

•304 

.120 

•475 

.189 

.684 

.272 

•94 

•370 

I 

22 

.480 

4 

16.05 

.081 

•037 

.183 

.083 

•324 

.148 

•507 

.231 

•742 

•332 

1.02 

•452 

1 

50 

•592 

4K 

17.0.' 

.086 

.044 

.194 

.099 

•344 

.176 

•540 

•275 

.776 

•396 

i.c6 

•540 

I 

38 

.704 

1795 

.091 

•  051 

.205 

•113 

•364 

.204 

•567 

■315 

.820 

■452 

I. II 

.600 

I 

46 

.816 

6 

19.66 

.100 

.068 

.224 

•153 

.400 

.272 

.622 

•425 

.896 

.612 

1.22 

-833 

I 

60 

1.09 

7 

21.23 

.108 

.086 

.242 

•193 

•43 

•344 

.672 

•535 

.968 

.772 

i-3i 

I 

73 

1.38 

8 

22.70 

.116 

.104 

.260 

.252 

.464 

.416 

.720 

.656 

1.04 

.928 

1.40 

l'28 

I 

85 

1.66 

10 

25.38 

.129 

.146 

.290 

•329 

-516 

•584 

.805 

•9^5 

1. 16 

1.32 

1-57 

1.79 

2 

16 

2-34 

12^ 

2837 

.144 

.204 

•324 

.460 

■576 

.816 

1.28 

1.30 

1.84 

1.76 

2.50 

2 

30 

3-46 

'5 

31.08 

.158 

.269 

•355 

•5«5 

•  632 

1.08 

.985 

1.68 

1.42 

2.42 

1-93 

3-29 

2 

53 

4- 3'-^ 

17^ 

33-57 

.170 

•339 

•383 

.782 

.680 

^■t 

1.06 

2. II 

1-53 

3^i3 

2.08 

4.20 

2 

72 

5^44 

20 

35-89 

.182 

.414 

.410 

•931 

.728 

1.66 

1. 14 

2.58 

1.63 

3^72 

2.23 

5-07 

2 

91 

6.64 

22j^ 

38.07 

-193 

•494 

•435 

I. II 

■VI 

..98 

1.21 

3-o8 

174 

4.44 

2.36 

6.05 

3 

°? 

7.92 

'■^5    , 

40.13 

.204 

•578 

.458 

1.30 

.816 

2.31 

1.27 

3.61 

1.83 

5-20 

2-54 

7.08 

3 

26 

9-24 

27^ 

42.08 

.213 

.667 

.480 

1-50 

•852 

2.67 

1^33 

4.17 

1.92 

6.00 

2.61 

8.17 

3 

41 

10.68 

30 

43-95 

.228 

.760 

•513 

1. 71 

.912 

3-04 

1.42 

4^75 

2.05 

6.84 

2.70 

9-31 

3 

65 

12.16 

32j^ 

45-75 

.232 

•857 

.522 

1-93 

.928 

3-43 

1^45 

5^35 

2.09 

7.72 

2.84 

10.50 

3 

71 

13-72 

35 

47-47 

.241 

•958 

-542 

2.15 

.964 

3-^3 

1-51 

5-98 

8.60 

2.95 

II. 71 

3 

86 

I  =.32 

40 

50-75 

-257 

1. 17 

-379 

2.63 

1.03 

4-68 

i.6i 

7^31 

2-32 

10.52 

3-15 

14-33 

4 

12 

18.72 

45 

5383 

-273 

1.40 

.614 

3-14 

1.09 

5-60 

1. 71 

8.23 

2.46 

12.56 

3-34 

17.10 

4 

36 

22.40 

50 

56-75 

.288 

1.64 

.648 

3.68 

I-I5 

6.56 

1.79 

10.2 

2-59 

14.72 

3-55 

20.03 

4 

60 

.624 

60 

62.16 

•315 

2.15 

.709 

4-84 

1.26 

8.60 

1.97 

i3^4 

2.84 

19.36 

3-86 

26.32 

5 

04 

o4-4o 

70 

67.14 

-341 

2.71 

.766 

6.10 

1-36 

10.8 

2.13 

16.9 

3.06 

24.40 

4.17 

33-17 

5 

4-^ 

43-36 

80 

71.78 

-364 

3-31 

.819 

7-45 

1.46 

13.2 

2.27 

20.6 

3-28 

29.80 

4-46 

40.55 

5 

84 

52.96 

90 

76-13 

.3% 

3-95 

.864 

8.88 

1-54 

i5^8 

2-44 

24.6 

3-46 

35-52 

4-73 

48-37 

6 

16 

63  20 

100 

80.25 

.407 

4-63 

.916 

10.4 

1-63 

18.5 

2-54 

28.9 

3-66 

41.64 

4.98 

56-67 

6 

52 

74.08 

125 

89.72 

•455 

6.47 

1.02 

14.1 

1.82 

25.8 

2.84 

40.4 

4.08 

58.20 

5-57 

79.20 

7 

28 

103.5 

150 

98.28 

•499 

8.60 

1. 12 

19.1 

2.00 

34^o 

3-II 

53-1 

4-48 

76-48 

6.10 

104. 1 

8 

00 

136.0 

175 

106. 1 

•539 

10.7 

1. 21 

24.0 

2.16 

42.8 

3-36 

66.8 

4-84 

96.28 

6.60 

131-5 

8 

04 

171. 2 

200 

"3-5 

•576 

13-1 

1.29 

29.4 

2.30 

52^4 

3-59 

81.7 

5.10 

117. 7 

7.06 

160.2 

9 

20 

219.6 

250 

127. 1 

•644 

18.3 

1-45 

41. 1 

2-58 

73^2 

4.02 

114. 

5-87 

164-5 

If 

223.9 

10.3 

292.8 

300 

139.0 

•705 

24.0 

1^59 

54-0 

2.82 

96.9 

4.40 

150. 

6.36 

216.3 

8.63 

294-3 

II. 2 

284.0 

350 

1 50. 1 

.762 

30-3 

68.1 

3-05 

121. 

4.76 

189. 

6.84 

272.6 

9-33 

371-2 

12.2 

484.8 

400 

160.5 

.814 

37-0 

1.83 

83.2 

3.26 

148. 

5-09 

231. 

7-3 

323-0 

9-97 

453-2 

13.0 

592.0 

450 

170.2 

.864 

44.2 

1-94 

99-3 

3-46 

176. 

5^40 

276. 

7.76 

497-4 

10.5 

541.0 

13-8 

707.0 

500 

179.4 

.910 

51^7 

2.05 

116. 

3-64 

206. 

5-69 

3''=3- 

8.20 

466.0 

II. I 

627.0 

14-5 

827.2 

550 

188.2 

•955 

2.10 

134- 

3-82 

238. 

5-96 

372^ 

8.40 

536.8 

II. 0 

731-0 

15.2 

955„^ 

600 

196.6 

•999 

68.0 

2-23 

152- 

3-99 

272. 

6.23 

475^ 

8.92 

61 1. 0 

12.2 

832.7 

16.9 

1088. 

700 

212.3 

1.06 

85^7 

2.46 

192. 

4-36 

342. 

6-79 

535- 

9.84 

771.2 

13-3 

105 1. 

17.4 

1371- 

800 

226.9 

I-I5 

104.7 

2.58 

235- 

4.60 

418. 

7-19 

654^ 

10.3 

942.0 

14.1 

1282. 

18.4 

X675- 

900 

240.7 

T.22 

124.9 

2-75 

281. 

4.88 

499- 

7-63 

780. 

II. 0 

1124. 

14.9 

1530- 

19-5 

1998. 

lOOO 

253.8 

1.29 

146.2 

2.89 

329- 

5.16 

584. 

8.04 

914. 

11-5 

1316.     15.7 

1791. 

20.6 

2339- 

Explanation  of  above  Table  of  I«f  ozzles. 

T 

he  ab 

ove  table  is  given,  representing  the  theoretical  velocity,  dis- 

cha 

-ge  ar 

ci  power  of  diiferent  quantities  of  water  as  passed  by  different 

noz 

zles,  11 

nder  heads  ranging  from  one  foot  to  a  thousand  feet,  arranged 

fron 

1  forn 

aula  by  Randall.     The  first  perpendicular  column  represents 

the 

head 

of  water  in  feet,  and  the  second  column  the  theoretical  veloc-  , 

it^^ 

vith-w 

rhich 

tthe 

W^U 

;r  iss 

ues  ] 

Dern 

linut 

e,  w 

tien  e 

ntin 

jly  u 

nob§ 

tn 

^^ 

1 

i 

iRc 


JAMfig   Lfi^Pfet   A   CO.,    SPRINOKIELl),   OHIO.  q*^ 


e  third  perpendicular  column  represents  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in 
whole  numbers  and  decimal   parts,  discharged  per  second,  and  each 
,  alternate  column  thereafter,  represents  the  theoretical  amount  of  horse 
;  power  due  to  the  quantity  of  water  issued.     The  diameters  of  the  dif- 
ferent nozzles  are  given  in  the  first  horizontal  line  at  the  top. 

The  orifices  or  nozzles  are  presumed  to  be  at  the  end  of  a  large  and 
short  hose  or  piping,  and  that  the  approach  or  entrance  of  the  water 
I  to  the  nozzle,  is  without  any  considerable  velocity,  and  guided  by  a 
'  properly  shaped  and  contracted  conductor  ;  having  what  is  known  as 
J  the  proper  curve  or  contracted  vein.  Such  a  nozzle  discharges  the 
'  largest  quantity  of  water  possible,  equalling  almost  the  full  or  theoret- 
ical amount  that  w^ould  be  discharged,  when  left  to  flow  freely  and 
governed  by  the  laws  of  gravitation. 

In  ordinary  orifices  or  openings  a  considerable  less  quantity  of 
water  will  be  discharged  per  second,  as  the  flow  of  the  water  to  the 
forifice  is  not  conducted  by  a  proper  contracted  entrance.  A  jet  of 
water  will  be  found  contracted  on  the  outside  of  the  issue,  and  at  some 
(distance  from  the  opening  ;  consequently  the  quantity  of  water  dis- 
charged will  not  be  equivalent  to  that  which  would  pass  through  the 
actual  opening,  but  a  quantity  that  would  pass  through  an  opening  the 
size  of  the  flow  of  water,  at  the  narrowest  place  of  the  jet  or  stream 
or  where  the  greatest  contraction  occurs.  This  usually  ranges  from 
65  to  95  per  cent  of  the  theoretical  discharge. 

In  this  table  there  is  no  estimate  made  for  the  loss  of  head  or  velocity 
by  friction.     This  loss  will  depend  altogether  on  the  size  of  pipe  con- 
ducting the  water  to  the  nozzle,  and  on  the  velocity  in  the  pipe,  as  will 
be  seen  in  other  tables  elsewhere  given  ;  therefore  the  table  cannot  be 
i  taken  literally  for  the  quantity  of  water  that   is   usually  actually  dis- 
i  charged  under  ordinary  circumstances.     The  horse  power  given  for 
!  each  quantity  discharged,  is   also  the  theoretical  power  aud  not  that 
;  which  is  actually  given  ;  as  when  applied  to  the  water  wheels,  pumps, 
I  motors,  etc.,  there  is  a  considerable  loss  through  the  imperfect  applica- 
tion and  friction.     The  table  represents  a  considerable  greaterquantity 
than  is  usually  discharged,  except  under  the  peculiarly  favorable  cir- 
cumstances mentioned  in  the  beginning  of  article  ;  and  of  course  the 
amount  of  power  tabled  is  in  excess  of  what  can  be  realized  in  ordinary 
cases,  because  of  the  greater  issue  of  water,  and  the  fact  that  the  esti- 
mate is  for  the  full  theoretical  amount  of  power,  without  any  calcula- 
tion for  losses  of  any  kind. 


100  Barrel  Roller  Mill. 

Preston,  Minn.,  March  30,  1885, 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  0.: 

Dear  Sirs— We  are  using  one  of  your  50  inch  Special  Wheels  in  our  grist  mill.  It 
was  put  in  November  1877  and  has  never  been  taken  up.  It  furnishes  power  for  our 
100  barrel  roller  mill,  under  an  eight  foot  head,  and  has  not  cost  us  to  exceed  ten  dol- 
lars for  repiirs  for  the  seven  years.  We  also  have  a  44  inch  Special  bought  of  you  in 
the  fall  of  1884  with  which  we  are  running  a  feed  mill,  2  run  stones  and  other  machin- 
ery, and  have  power  to  spare.     We  consider  them  the  best  wheels  that  we  have  used. 

Yours  truly,  CONKEY  BROS. 


94 


JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL, 


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JAMES    LEFFEL   &   CO.,   SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  n^ 

£jq)Uua.tion  of  Table  on  Precedinjj  Page. 

The  table  on  the  foregoing  page  has  been  specially  arranged  by  us 
from  formula  and  parts  of  tables  by  Randall  ;  and  gives  the  quantity 
of  water  in  cubic  feet  discharged  per  second,  flowing  through  smooth, 
iron  pipes,  the  length  of  each  of  which  is  estimated  at  one  thousand 
times  the  diameter.  It  is  understood,  as  has  already  been  explained 
in  our  tables  on  pages  89,  90  and  91,  that  ths  length  of  pipe  affords  a 
resistance  to  the  flow,  according  t3  the  quantity  of  water  passing,  or 
the  velocity  with  which  it  is  discharging.  For  any  length  of  pipe  in 
this  table  of  less  or  more  than  one  thousand  diameters,  an  additional 
.ncrease  or  decrease  of  flow,  the  loss  or  gain  of  resistance  may  be  ap- 
'proximately  estimated  from  our  tables  on  pages  just  alluded  to. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  this  table  is  given  for  clean,  smooth 
piping.  If  it  is  ordinarily  rough  the  flow  will  be  about  twelve  per 
cent,  less  than  the  quantity  given.  In  case  the  pipes  are  very  rough, 
a  loss  of  nearly  twenty -five  per  cent,  would  have  to  be  deducted  from 
the  estimate  contained  in  the  table.  Of  course  if  bends  or  angles  are 
introduced,  these  will  materially  affect  the  discharge  also,  depending 
on  the  number  and  the  abruptness  of  the  bend  or  angle.  If  they  be- 
come actually  necessary,  the  bend  should  be  of  tlie  longest  possible 
radius,  and  all  narrow  passages  or  contracted  portions  of  the  pipe 
should  be  avoided.  It  would  be  difficult  to  attempt  to  give  any  form- 
ula, or  general  rule  to  answer  all  the  cases  that  might  occur  in  con- 
nection with  these  angles  or  bends,  which  may  arise  from  undulations 
in  the  profile  of  the  pipe,  or  by  horizontal  deviations  from  straight 
lines. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  give  an  example  for  the  quantity  of  water 
that  may  be  discharged  in  any  particular  case,  as  the  table  will  be 
sufficiently  well  understood  upon  a  mere  examination  to  enable  any 
one  to  estimate  correctly.  The  first  horizontal  line  represents  the 
bore  of  the  different  sizes  of  pipe  in  inches  ;  and  the  first  perpendicu- 
lar or  vertical  column  represents  the  fall  per  mile  in  feet  and  hun- 
dredths of  a  foot  ;  while  the  second  upright  column  the  fall  in  decim- 
als of  an  inch  per  rod.  All  the  perpendicular  columns  following  the 
two  already  described,  represent  the  number  of  cubic  feet  discharged 
by  each  pipe,  under  each  head  in  feet  and  hundredths  of  a  foot  per 
second. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  table  may  be  of  some  practical  service  to  our 
correspondents  and  others  advising  with  us. 

Saw  and  Gin  Mill, 

De  Soto,  Miss.,  April  6th,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Gents— We  arre  using  a  40  inch  Turbine  Wheel  with  entire  satisfaction.  We  run 
a  fifty  inch  saw  and  cut  from  two  to  four  thousand  feet  of  lumber  per  day  with  8  feet 
head  of  water.  We  also  run  a  fifty  saw  Gin  with  about  one-fourth  gate ;  gin  from 
four  to  six  bales  per  day.  Very  respectfully,  R.  P.  McLEOD  &  BRO. 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  oy 

Description  of  Frontier  Mill. 

We  present  on  the  preceding  page  an  illustration  of  a  frontier  mill, 
combining  in  one  view  a  saw-mill  and  grist-mill  both  of  simple  con- 
struction and  convenient  arrangement.  Either  may  be  run  separate- 
ly or  both  at  the  same  time.  The  cut  is  sufficient  in  detail  to  give  a 
correct  idea  of  the  entire  affair. 

Such  a  mill  can  be  easily  and  very  cheaply  constructed  ;  one  water 
wheel  answering  both  purposes  ;  requiring  only  one  penstock,  and  be- 
ing capable  of  being  detached  from  either  at  leisure.  The  wheel  may 
be  of  medium  size,  ranging  perhaps  from  20  to  40  inches  diameter, 
with  gearing,  shafting  and  pulleys  arranged  and  adapted  to  the  size 
and  for  the  purpose  intended,  this  general  plan  or  design  answering 
for  either  of  the  sizes  of  wheel  named. 

We  can  recommend  this  method  in  instances  even  where  quite  a 
permanent  and  durable  arrangement  is  desired,  although  it  is  perhaps 
more  applicable  to  frontier  use.  Both  of  the  structures  protecting 
the  different  kinds  of  mills  may  be  made  even  more  temporarily  than 
the  illustration  exhibits,  should  it  be  desired  to  expend  the  least  amount 
possible  for  its  successful  operation.  The  grist  and  saw  mills  may 
both  be  of  portable  character,  which  will  still  further  enable  the  easy 
and  rapid  completion  of  such  an  enterprise. 

Ten  Wheels,  all  Satisfactory  whether  at  Whole  or  Partial  Gate. 

James  LeffeL  <&  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio  : 

Menomonie,  Wis..  April  6,  1885. 

Gentlemen — We  have  in  all  10  of  your  wheels  in  our  mills,  some  of  which  have 
been  in  use  so  long  that  we  cannot  now  say  when  they  were  bought.  They  are  one 
and  all  doing  e.xcellent  work  as  attested  by  the  amount  of  machinery  they  drive,  as 
follows: 

One  66  inch  Leffel  in  our  water  power  saw  mill,  n  ft.  head,  running  r  Double 
Rotary,  one  4  Saw  Edger,  one  6  Saw  Edger,  5  Cut  Off  SawSj  i  Picket  Mill  and  1  Slab 
Grinder — the  latter  a  load  of  itself  for  most  any  good  wheel. 

One  263^  inch  Leffel,  11  ft.  head,  in  Machine  Shop,  running  4  Iron  Turning 
Lathes,  i  Iron  Planer,  i  Drill,  i  Bolt  and  Nut  Cutter,  2  Wood  Turning  Lathes,  i 
Grindstone  and  Jig  Saw. 

One  52  inch  Leffel,  16  ft.  head,  runs  a  Gang  of  26  Saws. 

One  52  inch  Leffel,  16  ft.  head,  runs  i  Single  Rotary  Saw,  one  Edger,  3  Cut  Offs 
I  Bolter,  I  Slab  Chain  and  1  Cant  Carrier. 

One  35  inch  Leffel  under  i6  ft.  head,  runs  i  Lath  Mill  complete,  i   Log  Haul  and 

I  Slab  Chain. 

One  35  inch  Leffel,  16  ft.  head,  runs  4  Shingle  Jointers,  2  Cut  Offs,  Turning 
Lathe  and  Grindstone  and  an  Electric  Light  Dynamo  requiring  20  Horse  Power. 

One  40  inch  Leffel,  under  16  ft.  head,  running  3  Electric  Light  Dynamo's  requir- 
ing 50  Horse  Power. 

Three  Special  44  inch  Leffels  bought  in  1881  and  put  in  our  Flour  Mill  at  Chetek, 
drive  3  run  of  48  inch  burrs,  i  pair  Steven's  rolls,  i  double  porcelain  roll  with  cleaners 
dusters,  purifiers,  bolts,  cockle  separator,  and  all  the  machinery  of  a  first  class  flour- 
ing mill.     These  latter  have  given  satis  factory  results  under  4  ft.  head  as  also  under 

II  ft.  We  consider  the  special  Leffel  the  best  wheel  we  know  of  for  a  flouring  mill 
running  under  a  varying  head  of  water.  All  the  wheels  have  given  us  entire  satis- 
faction whether  used  at  full  or  partial  gate.  Yours  truly. 

The  KNAPP  STOUT  &  CO.,  COMPANY. 
H.  E.  Knapp,  Asst.  Secy. 


98  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

Special  Notice  to  Those  Writing  About  Wheels. 

We  are  constantly  in  receipt  of  letters  asking  about  the  size  ot 
wheel  to  do  a  certain  amount  of  work.  Some  merely  say,  "  I  have  so 
many  feet  head  " — not  a  word  about  the  quantity  of  water  ;  some  say: 
"The  stream  will  furnish  so  many  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  " — 
not  a  word  about  the  head  ;  and  some  give  neither  head  nor  quantity 
of  water  ;  others  ask,  "  What  size  wheel  shall  I  use  to  grind  so  many 
bushels  per  hour  ?  "  This  may  appear  strange,  but  it  is  a  fact  ;  hence 
we  are  so  particular  in  stating  what  is  required  to  be  known.  If 
attention  is  given  to  this  article  as  to  ascertaining  supply  and  quantity 
of  water,  and  the  questions  contained  on  these  pages  are  answered 
carefully,  much  time  and  trouble  will  be  saved  and  many  disappoint- 
ments prevented. 

In  ordering  a  wheel  or  asking  for  information,  please  give  the  fol- 
lowing data  : 

Question  i.  What  is  the  head  of  water  when  at  rest ;  or  the 
vertical  distance  from  surface  of  head-water  to  surface  of  tail-water  .? 

Question  2.  If  the  stream  is  small,  what  quantity  of  water  can 
be  relied  upon  ;  that  is,  what  depth  and  width  of  spill  is  there  over 
the  weir  board  as  described  and  required  in  our  article  on  measure- 
ment of  water  over  weirs,  on  page  4  to  1 1  ;  or  if  an  overshot  has 
been  used,  state  how  wide  and  how  much  the  gate  was  raised  to  let 
the  water  on  it,  and  particularly  how  deep  the  water  was  above  the 
gate  opening  in  the  forebay  .'' 

Question  3.  If  the  stream  is  large,  state  whether  a  creek  or  river, 
and  if  possible  give  us  a  measurement  according  to  our  instructions 
for  "  large  open  streams,"  described  on  page  9. 

Question  4.  What  size  and  kind  of  wheel,  if  any,  is  at  present 
or  has  been  running,  and  how  many  square  inches  opening  is  there  in 
the  wheel,  if  turbine  or  reaction  wheel  ;  and  how  many  hours  out 
of  the  twenty-four  will  the  stream  aftoid  sufficient  water  to  supply  it.'' 

Question  5.  What  kind  of  machinery  do  you  wish  to  run  ?  stat- 
ing all  the  particulars  you  can. 

Question  6.  If  a  corn  or  wheat  mill,  state  whether  an  old  or 
new  mill,  size  and  number  of  burrs,  how  many  bushels  each  one  is 
grinding  at  present,  and  how  much  do  you  wish  to  grind  on  each  ; 
state  how  many  are  to  be  running  at  one  time,  whether  one,  two,  three 
or  more. 

Question  7.  If  a  circular  saw,  state  particularly  the  size,  and 
what  speed  it  has  if  an  old  mill,  or  what  speed  desired  if  a  new  mill, 
and  particularly  what  kind  of  timber  is  to  be  sawed  and  the  amount 
per  day. 

■  Question  8.  If  a  sash  or  vertical  saw,  state  speed  or  number  of 
strokes  it  makes  or  is  desired  to  make,  and  the  length  of  stroke,  what 
kind  of  timber  you  intend  cutting,  and  particularly  what  amount  of 
feet,  inch  measure,  you  intend  cutting  in  twelve  hours. 

Question  9.     If  a  woolen  mill,  give  the  number  of  sets   of  ma, 


JAMES    LICFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  (^ 

chincn',  Avhethcr  light  or  heavy,  and  kind  of  goods  made ;  state 
whether  new  or  old  mill,  kind  and  size  of  wheel  in  use. 

Qj-ESTION  lo.  If  a  eotton  mill,  give  the  number  of  spindles,  also 
<rf  the  looms,  and  the  class  of  goods  made,  and  w  hether  old  or  new 
maclunery. 

Ql^kstion  II.  If  a  rolling  mill,  give  size  of  rolls,  number  of  rev- 
olutions per  minute,  and  size  of  iron  to  be  rolled. 

QiESTioN  12.  If  trip  hammers  give  number  ot  hammers  and 
weight  of  each,  and  numberof  strokes  per  minute. 

C^ESTioN  13.  What  is  the  spead  of  your  main  line  of  shafting, 
and  is  it  upright  or  horizontal  ? 

Question  14.  If  the  power  is  to  be  taken  off  above  the  level  of 
head-water,  give  us  the  distance  from  level  of  head-water  to  center  of 
horizontal  power  shaft,  if  a  saw,  woolen  or  cotton  mill  ;  and  what 
the  distance  from  said  level  of  head-water  to  a  level  of  the  bed-stones, 
if  a  grist-mill. 

Qlestion  15.  If  the  power  is  to  be  taken  off  below  the  level  of 
head-water  (as  our  decked  flume  plate  illustrates,  page  87,)  state  the 
distance  from  center  of  horizontal  power  shaft  below  the  head-water 
(or  the  distance  above  tail-water)  when  at  rest. 

Qltestion  16.  When  there  are  main  and  connecting  gears,  always 
state  whether  spur  or  bevel,  number  of  cogs,  pitch  of  cogs,  width  of 
face  of  drivers  and  pinions. 

NOTE. — If  it  is  impossible  or  difficult  to  obtain  any  of  the  forego- 
ing data,  with  even  a  moderate  degree  of  accuracy,  we  would  like  any 
other  information  that  may  be  in  some  manner  relevant  to  the  subject. 
With  a  statement  of  some  kind  it  may  be  possible  for  us  to  ofter  some 
advice  or  give  an  idea  of  the  requirements  in  the  way  of  a  wheel  as 
to  size,  price,  etc.  At  all  events,  we  shall  be  pleased  to  receive  any 
inquiries  concerning  the  wheel,  with  such  knowledge  of  the  circum- 
stances in  the  case  as  correspondent  may  have  at  his  command  :  we 
will  then  answer  all  in  as  satisfactory  a  manner  as  the  nature  of  the 
case  and  the  amount  of  information  will  admit. 

In  ordering  wheels,  don't  fail  to  state  which  way  they  must  run. 
With  or  Against  the  sun.  Right  or  Left  handed,  and  observe  shipping 
instructions  on  page  126.  For  Price  List  of  James  Leftel's  Wheels 
see  page  49,  of  this  pamphlet. 

Pulaski,  Tenn.,  March  27,  1885. 
Dear  Sirs — It  is  seldom  the  case  that  we  are  asked  our  opinion  of  an  arti(  le 
that  gives  us  real  pleasure  in  commending,  but  it  is  with  the  sincerest  pleasure  that 
we  recommend  Leffel's  Water  Wheels.  We  are  now  using  two  of  them  and  cannot 
speak  too  highly  of  them.  With  a  50  inch  Special  Wheel  we  are  running  three  burrs 
with  all  the  attachments  added  of  a  merchant  mill.  We  are  also  running  our  cotton 
mill,  which  uses  35  horse  power  to  drive  it,  with  a  60  inch  Special.  They  stand  side 
by  side,  under  a  7  foot  head,  and  are  not  at  all  affected  by  stopping  one  of  them. 
They  run  so  steadily  that  we  do  not  use  any  governors  on  them.  We  replaced  a  62 
inch  American  with  the  50  inch  Leffel  and  find  it  gives  us  more  power.  We  appreci- 
ate your  instructions  in  regard  to  not  over-estimating  the  Leffel,  and  assure  you  that 
if  they  did  not  do  the  work  as  we  state,  we  certainly  would  not  say  anything  in  their 
behalf,  but  we  would  condemn  them.     They  are  all  we  want  in  a  water  wheel. 

Yours  truly,  J.  G.  &  N.  SMITHSON,  Propr's. 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO,  ^q^ 

Explanation  of  Plate  on  Foregoing  Page. 

On  the  foregoing  page  we  have  presented  a  cut  showing  an  extreme- 
ly simple  manner  in  which  our  water  wheel  can  be  attached  to  the 
machinery  of  a  Flour  Mill,  This  cut  shows  a  mill  of  the  same  ca- 
pacity and  under  the  same  fall  as  an  overshot  mill  which  we  will  de- 
scribe in  this  article,  in  order  to  enable  us  to  compare  the  different 
methods  of  applying  the  two  kinds  of  wheels,  showing  many  advan- 
tages gained  by  the  use  of  our  wheel  over  the  overshot,  particularly 
on  small  streams  and  high  falls  ;  and  to  more  clearly  show  this  we  ask 
a  careful  comparison  of  the  arrangement  shown  in  this  cut  with  that 
which  we  will  describe  of  the  overshot  mill,  having  taken  the  same 
fall  and  the  same  size  stream  in  both  instances. 

On  page  46  and  in  the  explanation  following  we  endeavor  to  show  al- 
so some  of  the  advantages  of  the  Turbine  in  its  location  over  the 
overshot.  That  illustration  with  the  one  we  now  propose  describing 
shows  the  infinitely  superior  arrangement  of  machinery  which  can  be 
secured  by  our  wheel.  For  the  purpose  of  comparison  in  this  in- 
stance, we  have  selected  an  overshot  wheel  of  22  feet  diameter  and  3 
feet  face,  used  for  the  purpose  of  propelling  a  small  flouring  mill 
under  24  feet  head  and  fall  ;  being  of  a  size  suited  to  small  streams  of 
water.  It  is  well  known  that  an  overshot  of  these  dimensions,  well 
constructed  and  in  the  lightest  manner  possible,  is  of  enormous 
weight  ;  which  is  greatly  increased  by  the  weight  of  the  water  in  the 
buckets  ;  and  it  is  evident  that  this  immense  weight  will  cause  quite  a 
loss  of  power  from  the  friction  of  the  bearings  at  the  ends  of  the 
water  wheel  shaft.  In  order  to  transmit  the  power  of  the  overshot 
wheel,  a  large  bevel  wheel  of  about  12  feet  diameter  is  placed  on  the 
water  wheel  shaft,  which  works  in  a  small  pinion  wheel  or  pinion  on 
a  large  upright  shaft  usually  passing  up  through  the  mill  and  to  which 
the  balance  of  the  machinery  is  attached,  A  large  spur  wheel  of  9 
feet  diameter  is  placed  on  the  upright  shaft,  this  spur-wheel  working 
into  the  pinion  on  the  spindle  of  the  burr.  As  the  motion  of  the 
wheel  is  slow,  a  bevel-wheel  of  small  diameter,  a  large  spur-wheel 
and  a  small  pinion  must  be  used  in  order  to  get  up  the  proper  motion 
of  the  burrs  ;  and  as  the  strain  on  this  gearing  is  enormous  by  reason 
of  the  slow  motion  of  the  wheel,  all  the  parts  must  be  heavy  and 
cumbersome  to  sustain  the  force  applied.  The  upright  must  be  at 
least  eight  inches  in  diameter  as  its  motion  is  only  about  twenty  rev- 
olutions per  minute.  Not  only  does  this  slow  motion  require  massive 
pit-gearing,  but  in  order  to  run  the  machinery  at  its  proper  speed  the 
shaft  H  should  be  at  least  4  inches  diameter  ;  for  it  is  to  be  observed 
that  the  power  necessary  to  run  the  smutter  must  be  transmitted 
through  heavy  gears  and  large  pullevs.  The  many  objections  to  the 
whole  arrangement  may  be  briefly  stated  to  be  as  follows  :  The  great 
expense  involved  in  the  construction,  as  it  requires  several  tons  of  iron 
to  give  proper  strength  to  shafts  and  gearing  ;  the  great  loss  of  power 
from  friction  arising  from  heavy  and  complicated  machinery  ;  the 
points  of  friction  are  at  the  two  journals  of  water  wheel ;  the  master- 


idi  JAMES  LRFFEL^S  TURBmE  WATElt  WHEfit, 

wheel  and  bevel,  the  spur-wheel  and  pinion,  the  Smutter  gears 
with  the  bearings  of  the  shaft,  and  the  bevels,  all  of  which  move 
with  a  sluggish  motion,  are  subjected  to  an  enormous  pressure,  which 
must  necessarily  consume  avast  amount  of  power. 

Instead  of  using  a  22  feet  overshot  we  would  use  one  of  our  wheels 
11^2  inches  in  diameter,  which  will  give  even  more  power  than  the  22 
feet  overshot  wheel.     The  shaft  of  the  overshot  wheel  must  be  at  least 
two  feet  in  diameter  of  wood,  and  at  least  ten  inches  diameter  of  iron. 
The  shaft  on  our  Turbine  wheel  need  not  exceed  i^  inches  in  diame- 
ter.    Instead  of  the   massive    master-wheel,  bevel-pinion   and  spur- 
wheel  which  together  weigh  several  thousand  pounds  in  the  overshot 
arrangment,  we  would    use   only   a  ten -inch   pulley    weighing    only 
about  thirty  pounds    on    our    Turbine,    and    run    a    belt   direct    to 
the    pulley    on  the    spindle    of    the    burr.     The   upright    shaft  used 
with    the    overshot   must   be    from    four    to   eight    inches    diameter, 
in  order  to  sustain  the  heavy  strain  resulting  from  a  slow  motion  ; 
while  the  same  shaft  when   our  wheel  is  used,  need  not  exceed    i}^ 
inches  in  diameter,  as  we  would  give  it  a  quick  motion  and  reduce   the 
speed  upon  the  reels  and  other  machinery  ;  while  from  the  slow  speed 
of  the  overshot  machinery  a  constant  increase  from  a  slow   to  faster 
speed  is  required  ;  with  our  wheel  the  reverse  is  the  case.     It  will   be 
observed  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  proper  speed  for  the   smutter  and 
separator,  a  large  spur-wheel   and  pinion,  and   pulley,  are  necessary 
where  an  overshot  wheel  is  used  ;  but  none  of  this  gearing  is  necessa- 
ry where  our  wheel  is  substituted,  as  it  will  make  nearly  six  hundred 
revolutions  per  minute.     The  pulley  on  the  water  wheel  shaft  need  be 
but  slightly  larger  than  the   pulley   on  the  smutter,  which   is  usually 
about  8  inches  diameter. 

It  must  be  apparent  to  all,  that  by  the  use  of  our  wheel  not  only  is 
there  much  saved  in  the  cost  of  machinery,  but  a  great  gain  of 
power  is  effected  from  the  simplicity  of  the  arrangement  and  such 
direct  communication  of  the  power  to  the  work  to  be  done.  In  the 
case  of  an  overshot,  the  power  is  commvmicated  through  a  vast 
amount  of  heavy  gearing  M-eighing  thousands  of  pounds,  and  conse- 
quently laboring  under  the  disadvantages  of  a  necessary  increase  of 
motion  ;  while  the  amount  of  machinery  required  by  our  wheel  con- 
sists of  only  a  short  shaft  and  three  pulleys,  altogether  weighing  but 
little  more  than  one  hundred  pounds,  and  besides,  having  a  motion  of 
over  six  hundred  revolutions  per  minute,  possesses  the  great  advant- 
age of  a  reduction  of  motion  on  the  burrs. 

But  it  is  needless  for  us  to  further  point  out  the  many  advantages 
our  wheel  possesses  over  an  overshot  wheel,  as  an  examination  of  the 
two  cuts  we  have  given,  and  the  explanation  in  connection  with  the 
different  arrangements,  cannot  fail  to  convince  even  the  most  skeptical. 

GoidTSlL 

The  illustration  on  the  opposite  page,  exhibits  the  usual  application 
of  our  new  Improved  Vertical  Mining  Wheel  to  a  Gold  Mill ;  one  of 


104  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL, 

the  simplest  construction.  This  new  Mining  wheel  was  more  espe- 
cially designed  for  mining  purposes  than  for  any  other  particular  use; 
although  it  has  in  a  number  of  instances  been  applied  to  Saw-Mills, 
Paper-Mills  and  other  manufacturing  establishments,  in  which  it  has 
been  found  equally  well  adapted.  An  illustration  of  a  Saw-Mill 
driven  in  this  manner  will  be  found  in  another  part  of  the  book,  and 
a  large  Paper-Mill  in  still  another  illustration. 

The  mill  illustrated  in  the  cut  herewith,  is  one  of  a  class  of  mills  for 
the  reduction  of  precious  metals  in  the  mining  regions  similar  some- 
what in  operation  and  construction.  This  mill  is  what  is  usually 
termed  a  Free  Milling  Gold  Mill,  without  the  complicated  machinery 
that  is  generally  required  for  the  reduction  of  various  gold  and  silver 
ores.  The  application  of  our  mining  wheel  is  similar  however, 
whether  it  be  applied  to  a  Gold  or  Silver  Mill,  a  Concentrator,  or  Re- 
duction works  ;  all  of  which  are  usually  driven  from  a  primary  hori- 
zontal shaft.  From  this  main  shaft  within  the  works,  other  machin- 
ery is  driven,  depending  upon  the  quality  of  the  ores  and  the  neces- 
sary adaptation  of  the  works  to  their  proper  treatment.  Our  cut 
illustrates  the  simplest  kind  of  mill  ;  requiring  only  an  ore  crusher  in 
the  upper  portion  of  the  building,  and  any  suitable  number  of  stamps  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  building,  which  constitutes  all  of  the  running  or 
operating  machinery. 

This  cut  illustrates  a  fifteen  stamp  gold  mill.  The  ore  crusher  in 
the  upper  portion  of  the  building  reduces  the  ore  to  a  regular  and  even 
size,  and  from  this  crusher  it  is  run  into  bins  or  chutes  conveying  the 
ore  to  the  stamps.  These  stamps  operate  in  mortars  Avhere  the  quartz 
or  ore  is  pulverized  by  the  action  or  reciprocating  motion  of  the 
stamps.  The  stamps  usually  range  from  150  to  850  pounds  each, 
and  are  raised  perpendicularly  to  a  hight  of  eight  to  fourteen 
inches,  making  sixty  to  a  hundred  drops  a  minute,  and  requiring  usu- 
ally from  one  to  two  horse  j^ower  per  stamp,  having  a  capacity  o( 
one  to  three  tons  per  day  of  24  hours,  depending  on  the  kind  and 
quality  of  the  ores.  A  small  but  constant  supply  of  water  is  admit- 
ted to  the  mortar  in  which  the  ore  is  being  crushed  ;  and  when  it  is 
reduced  to  a  certain  fineness,  is  washed  through  screens  just  behind 
the  openings  shown  in  the  illustration.  This  crushed  mass  falls  upon 
and  is  washed  over  inclined  amalgamated  and  silvered  copper  plates, 
as  thf^  illustration  exhibits.  From  these  plates  the  gold  is  afterwards 
gathered. 

The  application  of  our  Vertical  Mining  wheel  to  this  class  of  mills 
avoids  the  necessity  of  gearing,  in  making  the  first  transmission.  This 
is  desirable  on  account  of  the  high  speeds  that  are  usually  necessary 
in  small  wheels,  applied  to  the  hightails  and  small  quantities  of  water, 
which  are  so  generally  found  in  the  mining  sections  of  our  country. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  place  the  wheel  on  a  good  firm  foundation, 
with  the  shaft  level,  and  parallel  to  the  main  horizontal  shaft  within 
the  works.  Then  by  connecting  a  belt  direct  from  the  small  pulley 
on  the  water  wheel  shaft,  to  the  large  one  on  the  first   main    counter 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  ,0$ 

shaft,  the  power  is  thus  easily  and  simply  applied.  It  will  be  observ- 
ed in  the  illustration  that  a  short  draft  tube  extends  down  from  the 
discharge  pipe,  touching  the  tail  water.  The  use  of  this  short  draft 
tube  should  invariably  be  observed,  wherever  it  is  desired  to  obtain  the 
greatest  amount  of  head  pressure.  Of  course  underneath  the  end  of 
the  tube  an  ample  and  sufficient  discharge  pit,  or  space,  should  be  ex- 
cavated, so  that  the  water  will  not  be  retarded  in  its  flow,  thus  giving 
it  a  free  and  easy  escape,  avoiding  a  reaction  on  the  wheel  and  a  con- 
sequent loss  of  power,  as  would  be  the  case  if  the  space  were  not 
sufficient.  A  small  part  of  the  head  pipe  is  also  shown.  This  could 
extend  to  any  practical  distance  and  hight.  We  have  a  large  number 
of  these  wheels  in  operation  throughout  the  entire  mining  region, 
driving  mining  machinery  of  every  description,  and  it  has  proven 
itself  perfectly  adapted  and  entirely  successful. 

There  are  Oyer  12,000  Leffel  Wheels  in  Use,  Giving  Over  500,060 
Horse  Power. 

Although  we  regard  the  fact  that  our  wheels  have  given  satisfac- 
tion, under  the  endless  variety  of  circumstances  under  which  they  are 
placed,  as  undoubted  evidence  of  their  excellence  and  superiority,  yet 
we  consider  the  immense  number  that  have  been  put  in  operation  as 
the  strongest  proof  of  their  great  merits,  and  of  their  fully  meeting 
the  great  necessity  of  manufacturers  depending  upon  water  as  a 
motor.  Such  has  been  the  complete  satisfaction  our  Wheels  have 
given,  and  so  great  has  been  the  demand  for  them,  that  we  have  now 
in  successful  operation  Twelve  Thousand  Wheels,  yielding  in  the  ag- 
gregate the  immense  power  of  over  Five  Hundred  and  Fifty  Thou- 
sand Horse  Power.  We  think  no  other  evidence  than  this  is  needed 
to  convince  any  uprejudiced  person  of  the  unequaled  merits  of  our 
wheel.  Many  hundreds  of  letters  highly  commending  the  wheel  can 
by  produced,  if  that  kind  of  evidence  is  regarded  of  more  value. 

In  every  Particular  give  belter  Results  and  better  Satisfaction. 

RocKFORD,  Ills.,  April  8,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio: 

Gentlemen — We  wish  to  say,  that  we  have  been  using  water  wheels  of  all  kinds 
and  description,  for  upwards  of  forty  years  and  we  have  at  present  m  use  three  of 
your  improved  double  Turbine,  well  as  four  others  of  first  class  make,  and  without 
any  hesitation  we  can  truly  say  that  your  wheels  in  each  and  every  particular,  give 
far  better  results  and  better  satisfaction  than  any  we  have  heretofore  used,  and 
inasmuch  as  our  mills  require  a  steady  and  uniform  motion  we  use  them  with  a  regu- 
lator attached,  and  whether  under  a  full  or  part  gate  we  are  able  to  obtain  as  even 
and  uniform  speed  as  if  we  were  running  by  steam,  and  further  will  state  that  while 
in  our  experience  we  have  found  some  make  of  wheels  to  give  a  fair  result  under  a 
high  head  of  water,  we  must  say  that  under  a  low,  or  medium  head,  no  wheel  equals 
them  that  has  come  to  our  notice.  At  this  present  time  the  water  in  our  dam  is  ex-< 
ceedingly  high,  but  as  soon  as  it  reaches  a  point  that  will  enable  us  to  place  another 
wheel  we  shall  want  one,  and  while  some  wheels  are  being  offered  at  a  much  lower 
price  than  yours,  we  shall  *^ake  yours  in  preference  feeling  that  it  is  greatly  for  oui* 
interest  to  do  so.  Yours  respectfully, 

GRAHAM'S  COTTON  MILLS. 
Per  Freeman  Graham  Jr.  Treas 


jAMfeS   LEfPEt   Se  CO.,   SPRINGPrP-LT),  OUtO.  tO^ 

Saw  Mill  Driyen  by  Mining  Wheel. 

The  illustration  on  the  opposite  page  exhibits,  as  is  clearly  seen,  a 
rather  new  and  somewhat  novel  method  of  propelling  a  saw  mill.  It 
is  the  application  of  one  of  our  Mining  Wheels  having  a  horizontal 
shaft  and  the  wheel  running  vertically.  Such  an  arrangement  is  ex- 
tremely simple  and  is  conveniently  applied.  The  necessity  of  gearing, 
which  is  almost  imiversally  employed  where  larger  wheels  with 
upright  shafts  are  used,  is  entirely  obviated  by  the  substitution  of  this 
style  of  wheel  in  place  of  the  ordinary  make.  By  placing  the  Avheel 
some  distance  away  from  the  saw,  necessary  tO  obtain  a  reasonable 
length  of  belt,  it  may  be  situated  either  below  or  above  the  floor  ; 
usually  below  the  floor  is  most  convenient,  as  it  does  not  occupy  the 
milling  flour  space.  When  it  is  placed  on  the  mill  floor,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  use  a  long  draft  tube,  extending  down  until  it  touches  the 
surface  of  the  water  ;  this  being  necessary  in  all  cases,  and  at  what- 
ever distance  the  foundation  of  the  wheel  ma}'  be  above  the  level  of 
the  tail  water. 

This  illustration  shows  a  wooden  penstock  of  rather  niore  than 
usual  bight ;  and  extending  above  the  view  obtained  in  the  picture,  of 
course  connecting  by  a  horizontal  part  not  shown,  to  the  dam  or  race, 
and  having  a  head  pipe  which  conducts  the  water  to  the  wheel, 
attached  to  the  bottom  of  penstock  and  running  horizontally,  but 
with  an  elbow  at  the  penstock.  The  use  of  the  wooden  penstock  or 
bulkhead,  may  be  avoided  by  the  application  of  a  larger  iron  head 
pipe,  running  from  the  wheel  at  any  inclination  or  distance,  until  it 
reaches  the  dam  or  bulkhead  from  which  the  supply  of  water  is 
obtained.  This  method  for  driving  Saw  Mills  is  more  frequently 
applied  in  instances,  where  the  head  is  of  considerable  hight,  and  the 
wheel  required  of  small  dimensions.  The  high  speed  is  quickly  and 
simply  reduced,  by  connecting  from  the  small  pulley  on  the  water 
wheel  shaft,  direct  to  a  pully  of  considerable  size  on  the  saw  mandrel. 

The  simplicity  of  the  arrangement  commends  itself  to  all  parties 
desiring  an  efficient,  easily  managed  and  well  regulated  establishment. 
There  is  no  question  as  to  the  excellence  of  this  design  for  Saw  Mills; 
providing  parties  desire  the  least  complicated  method  of  applying  the 
power.  In  different  parts  of  the  pamphlet,  several  letters  will  be 
found  from  parties  making  use  of  this  style  of  mill,  and  they  give 
their  unqualified  approbation  as  to  the  satisfaction  it  affords  them. 
No  one  need  hesitate  adopting  the  method. 

Cotton  Mills. 

A  fact  worthy  of  particular  notice  is  the  large  number  of  the  Leffel 
Wheels  which  have^been  sold  in  the  last  few  years,  in  the  New  Eng. 
land  States.  A  very  significant  feature  of  the  case,  also,  is  the  ex. 
tent  to  which  this  wheel  has  been  adopted  by  Cotton  Mill  owners 
throughout  that  region,  who  investigate  as  to  the  qualities  of  a  wheel 


I08  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

more  thoroughly,  or  with  whom  good,  steady,  reHable  power  is  a  more 
vital  consideration,  than  is  the  case  with  proprietors  of  other  mills. 
Nor  is  there  any  class  that  more  strongly  objects  to  trying  experiments 
in  water  wheels.  They  demand,  in  buying  a  wheel,  that  it  shall  have 
been  proved  to  possess  the  greatest  practical  value  ;  and  should  they 
entertain  the  slightest  suspicion  that  the  wheel  is  not  first-class,  they 
will  have  nothing  to  do  with  it.  We  could  give  a  very  large  list  of 
names  of  parties  using  the  wheel,  giving  in  the  aggregate  30,000  horse 
power,  in  such  mills,  not  only  m  this  country  but  in  foreign  countries 
also. 

That  there  is  a  valid  foundation  for  this  exacting  care  in  the  selec- 
tion of  wheels  for  cotton  mills  is  manifest  from  the  fact  that  the  na- 
ture of  the  business  is  such  as  to  require  an  enormous  amount  of  pow- 
er ;  as  an  example  of  which  we  have  in  one  mill  of  this  class,  wheels 
affording  a  total  of  1,700  horse  power.  It  is  also  a  very  essential  point 
in  such  establishments  that  the  power  should  be  easily  controlled  and 
regulated,  its  available  effect  being  influenced  to  a  rnarked  extent  by 
the  steadiness  and  facility  with  which  it  is  managed.  It  is  for  these 
reasons  that  the  Leffel  Wheel  has  attained  such  extensive  popularity 
among  the  cotton  mills  of  New  England  (as  well  as  other  portions  of 
the  country)  ;  it  having  been  proved  by  its  practical  operation  for  a 
long  period,  and  under  the  most  trying  conditions,  to  possess  unques- 
tionable superiority  in  amount  and  uniformity  of  power  and  the  ease 
with  which  it  is  controlled. 

It  is  important  in  putting  in  the  wheel,  that  the  work  should  be  done 
in  the  most  substantial  manner.  In  the  plate  on  page  50  is  shown  the 
manner  in  which  the  Leffel  wheel  is  usually  put  in,  in  the  large  cotton 
mills  of  New  England.  In  the  plate  only  iron  and  stone  penstocks 
are  shown,  but  wooden  penstocks  are  also  used  to  some  extent. 

20  Inch  Miaing  Wheel  in  Saw  Mill. 

Meadow  Creek,  Madison  Co.,  Montano. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  <&  Co. : 

Dear  Sirs — We  have  two  of  your  wheels  in  operatiDn,  one  fifteen  inches  under 
thirty-five  feet  head,  running  a  fifty-six  inch  Siw,  Pony  Planer,  and  Shingle  Ma- 
chine. Also  twenty  inch  Mining  wheel  under  twenty-nine  feet  head,  running  52  inch 
Saw,  Planer  and  Shingle  Machine.  The  wheels  do  their  work  in  first  class  manner, 
without  trouble  or  tinkering  giving  perfect  satisfaction  as  to  power  and  capacity. 
We  are  working  the  hardest,  and  toughest  Pine,  in  the  world  and  for  that  reason  the 
amount  of  work  we  are  doing  would  be  no  criterion  for  other  localities  where  heavier 
feed  can  be  used.  Respectfully  yours,  HAWKINS  &  HIGBY. 

Del  Rio,  Texas,  April  23,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &■  Co.: 

Gentlemen— Your  favor  of  the  26th  inst.,  at  hand.  In  reply  we  take  great 
pleasure  in  saying  the  New  Improved  Special  50  inch  wheel  which  we  have  now  had 
in  use  some  ten  months  gives  perfect  satisfaction.  Our  working  head  is  5^  feet. 
With  ^  gate  we  run  all  the  machinery  (both  gass  and  water  pumps)  of  an  Ice  Ma- 
chine which  formerly  took  an  8  Horse  Power  Engine.  With  half  gate  we  run  in 
addition  to  Ice  Machine  a  set  of  20  inch  burrs.  We  have  been  put  to  no  otitlay  for 
repairs  and  say  that  it  does  more  than  you  claimed  it  to  do  and  that  we  are  well 
pleased  with  it.  Yours  respectfully,  DEL  RIO  ICE  CO. 


JAMES    LKFFKL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO.  Iqq 

An  Interesting?  Business  Experience. 

Buffalo  Valley,  Putnam  Co.,  Tenn.,  Dec.  12th,  1882. 
JAMES  Leffel  &  Co. 

Gentlemen — In  1874  ^  ^^^^  advised  to  buy  and  rebuild  an  old  mill 
that  had  one  corn  run  in  it  and  ground  4  bushels  per  hour,  and  which 
was  such  hard  property  that  it  passed  from  hand  to  hand  like  an  old 
blind  horse. 

After  investigation  I  concluded* to  put  in  a  30)^  inch  Regular  Leffel 
Wheel  as  a  motor,  and  attach  a  36  inch  corn  run  and  a  36  inch  wheat 
run  with  bolts,  elevators,  smutter  and  all  necessary  machinery  for  a 
custom  mill.  My  head  was  only  8  feet  4  inches,  and  through  the 
summer  the  water  was  scant. 

This  was  a  hardy  venture  for  a  man  with  $500  capital,  which  was 
all  I  had  of  my  own.  The  old-timers  predicted  a  disastrous  failure. 
You  may  judge  of  my  surprise  and  joy  when  the  little  wheel  walked 
out  with  my  burrs  and  ground  24  bushels  of  corn  in  one  hour.  So  un- 
expectedly economical  was  my  wheel  that  I  found  that  out  of  over 
abundance  of  caution  I  had  undersized  my  stream.  I  had  hardly 
enough  power  to  drive  both  run  up  to  speed  which  was  partly  owing 
to  insufficient  size  of  wheel  pit. 

After  m}^  mill  had  put  me  on  my  feet  I  replaced  my  original  wheel 
with  a  30}^  Special,  which  gave  enough  added  power  for  all  purposes 
without  changing  the  speed.  As  I  have  told  you  I  only  do  custom 
work  and  I  do  not  care  anything  about  its  capacity  so  long  as  it  docs 
all  the  work  which  is  brought  to  it,  which  it  easily  does.  It  has  fur- 
nished my  family,  which  is  a  large  one,  with  all  my  bread  and  meat, 
and  fed  my  milk  cows  and   netted  me  over  a  thousand  dollars  a  year. 

In  the  summer  time  when  water  is  scant  I  often  grind  my  "head 
down  to  3  feet,  and  in  the  winter  I  have  ground  with  the  water  with- 
in 18  inches  of  the  top  of  the  dam,  or  with  the  wheel  under  nearly  7 
feet  of  back  water.  When  I  grind  wheat  alone  with  a  full  dam  I  only 
use  ^2  g^te  to  grind  the  capacity  of  my  bolt,  and  if  I  do  not  get  near- 
ly or  quite  half  the  powxr  of  the  wheel  I  cannot  discover  it. 

One  of  the  incidents  with  my  wheel  is  that  a  2  by  4  inch  seasoned 
hickory  stick,  got  out  for  cog  timber,  w^as  dropped  into  the  penstock 
and  drawn  into  the  wheel  while  running  with  one  set  of  burrs  under  a 
full  head.  The  wheel  was  stopped  instantaneously  while  the  burrs 
went  on,  crushing  the  teeth  out  of  the  spur  wheel.  I  drew  off  the 
water  and  went  down  to  the  wheel  with  a  heavy  heart.  On  taking 
out  the  stick  I  found  that  the  bucket  had  bit  into  it  fully  an  inch  deep 
clear  across  the  four  inch  face  and  the  wheel  was  unharmed,  except 
a  cracked  gate  which  was  replaced  for  a  trifling  sum.  Last  winter 
twenty  feet  of  my  dam  foundation  and  all  was  swept  out  and  I  ground 
ten  bushels  before  the  creek  ran  down.  Under  all  the  varying  condi- 
tions and  severe  tests  this  wheel  has  been  subjected  to  it  has  been  a 
continual  surprise  and  satisfaction  to  me,  and  I  cannot  believe  I  could 
change  it  for  any  other  wheel  without  loss. 

Yours  truly,  WADE  JONES. 


no  JAMES  LEFFEL^S  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL, 

A  Roller  Flouring  Mill. 

The  cut  on  the  opposite  page,  illustrates  a  general  arrangement, 
and  application  of  water  power  to  Roller  Flouring  Mills.  In  the 
illustration  only  a  portion  of  the  interior  of  the  mill  is  shown.  Four 
of  the  Roller  Mills  may  be  seen,  and  in  a  mill  of  ordinary  capacity 
usually  two  or  three  others  are  employed.  In  fact  a  mill  of  almost 
any  capacity  can  be  built  upon  this  general  plan,  by  extending  the 
building  any  convenient  length,  in  which  case  it  would  be  necessary 
only  to  extend  the  main  driving  shaft  in  the  basement,  to  a  corres- 
ponding distance.  The  upper  portion  of  the  building  shows  the  ma- 
chinery, usually  employed  in  dressing  the  products,  as  they  are  grad- 
ually reduced,  and  the  extreme  upper  portion  of  the  building  for 
cleaning  the  grain  before  reduction  commences.  The  Elevators, 
Spouts,  Hoppers  etc.,  are  also  to  be  observed.  It  is  to  be  presumed 
of  course,  that  any  other  convenient  arrangement  of  these  different 
machines,  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  mill,  can  be  adopted  ;  but  the 
general  plan  of  driving  from  'below  is  in  most  instances  conformed 
to.  Sometimes  even  the  second  story  is  partly  occupied  by  the 
Roller  mills  in  accomplishing  part  of  the  reduction. 

The  application  of  the  water  wheel  is  simple.  In  this  instance,  a 
high  penstock  with  a  decking  is  shown,  and  a  LefFel  wheel  of  ordi- 
nary size,  placed  in  the  elbow  of  decking  ;  and  by  means  of  the  usual 
pair  of  Bevel  Gears  the  power  is  transmitted  to  a  horizontal  shaft, 
to  which  the  belts  are  attached,  leading  to  the  roller  mills,  and  to  any 
other  machinery  that  may  be  located  on  the  first  or  principal  floor. 
In  case  larger  water  wheels  are  used  upon  lower  heads  of  water,  the 
decking  or  high  penstock,  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  gearing 
placed  immediately  on  top  of  the  penstock,  and  still  sufficient  space 
obtained  in  the  basement  in  which  to  locate  the  main  power  or  hori- 
zontal shaft.  In  placing  this  shaft  it  is  best  to  have  a  bearing  near 
each  main  belt  for  transmitting  the  power.  Further  details  and  de- 
scription, it  is  presumed  are  unnecessary.  The  illustration  no  doubt 
clearly  conveys  the  general  idea  in  carrying  out  such  an  enterprise. 


Runs  Roller  Mill  in  place  of  Overshot. 

DeGkaff,  O.,  Aprils,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.: 

Dear  Sirs: — Some  two  years  ago  I  tore  out  my  oW  overshot  water  wheel  and  put 
in  its  place  one  of  your  30)^  Inch  Turbine  wheels,  I  am  surprised  at  the  wonderful 
amount  of  power  in  these  wheels  and  I  must  say  I  am  well  pleased  with  the  exchange. 
I  can  run  my  roller  mill  with  all  the  machinery  connected  necessary  to  make  three 
barrels  per  hour,  with  this  30)^  inch  wheel,  with  a  two-thirds  gate  under  a  x6  foot 
head,  no  back  water.  I  have  also  a  20 inch  wheel  to  assrst  in  time  of  back  water.  My 
experience  is  to  place  wheel  at  the  bottom  of  penstock,  as  I  can  get  more  power  than 
when  there  is  a  flume  below  the  wheel,  (except  in  back  water)  but  such  times  only 
come  occasionally  and  I  use  both  wheels  and  get  all  the  power  needed.  I  can  cheer- 
fully recommend  you  to  any  one  desiring  a  water  wheel  as  honest  and  responsible 
men  with  whom  to  deal. 

Yours  truly, 

MAT  WOLFE, 


112  JAMES  LEFFEL^S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

Hudson  River  Paper  and  Pulp  Co.  Water  Wheel  House. 

The  cut  on  opposite  page,  shows  one  of  the  wheel  houses  of  the 
above  Co.,  containing  lo  Leffel  water  wheels  on  horizontal  shafts. 
Each  of  the  large  cylindrical  cases  encloses  two  wheels,  on  steel  shafts 
S}4  inches  diameter,  and  so  arranged  as  to  discharge  the  water  into 
one  draft  tube,  situated  between  each  pair.  The  same  company  are 
using  5  more  Leffel  wheels  in  other  pa.rts  of  their  works  :  consisting 
of  paper,  pulp  and  saw  mills.  This  company's  plant  is  producing 
daily,  12  tons  of  paper  and  about  40  tons  wood  pulp,  dry  weight.  The 
following  letter  from  the  superintendent  will  further  explain. 

FIFTEEN  LEFFEL  WHEELS  GIVING  6,000  HORSE  POWER. 

Palmer's  Falls,  Saratoga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  May  11,  1885. 
Messrs.  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  no  Liberty  St.,  N.  Y, 

Gents — In  reply  to  yours  of  the  6th  inst.,  asking  "how  our  new  wheels  worked 
under  the  conditions  we  placed  them,"  would  say  that  we  have  no  fault  whatever  to 
find  with  them ;  in  fact  they  are  doing  more  work  with  less  water  than  we  calculated 
on,  that  is,  the  two  sets  or  runs  we  put  in  and  started  last  October  (1884).  They  have 
been  running  almost  constantly  day  and  night  since,  and  we  have  only  had  occasion  to 
look  at  them  once  since,  and  that  was  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  out  some  blocks  of 
wood  that  got  in  the  canal  below  the  rack. 

As  we  knew  of  no  similar  work, or  any  of  such  magnitude  as  a  precedent  to  go  by, 
we  naturally  gave  the  planning  of  our  motive  power  and  connections  a  great  deal 
of  thought  and  study,  and  after  looking  over  the  various  turbine  wheels  of  different 
builders  we  decided  on  yours  as  having  the  greatest  number  of  good  points  in  its 
favor,  and  the  satisfactory  working  of  the  two  runs  as  mentioned,  confirms  us  in  our 
conclusions. 

After  running  the  two  sets  (iioo  to  1200  horse  power  each)  day  and  night  for  six 
months,  we  were  so  well  satisfied  with  the  results  that  we  have  erected  two  more 
sets,  exact  duplicates  of  the  first  two  in  every  particular.  We  had  a  pratical  illus- 
tration that  we  studied  very  closely  while  in  actual  operation,  and  could  not  find  a 
single  point  in  any  of  the  details  that  we  thought  we  could  change  or  alter  to 
advantage. 

We  expect  to  get  the  new  wheels  and  machinery  running  next  month  ;  when 
we  will  have  about  5,000  horse  power  in  that  mill  alone.  These  wheels,  cases  etc., 
are  all  contained  and  the  power  consumed  in  a  room  70  by  80  feet,  without  the  use  of 
gearing  or  belts. 

You  probably  are  awaie  that  you  made  a  very  nice  fit  of  the  wheels  to  their 
cases.  There  was  not  over  one  thirty  second  of  an  inch  difference  in  the  diameters, 
yet  in  all  the  wheels  we  have  placed  on  a  horizontal  shaft  not  one  has  rubbed  against 
the   case  ;  there  being  no  difficultv  in  adjusting  and  keeping  them  in  place. 

Our  wheels  in  the  Pulp  mill  are  placed  twenty  feet  above  the  tail  water  ;  rather 
the  bottom  of  the  draft  tube  is  twenty  feet  below  the  center  of  the  wheels,  and  the 
water  in  the  wheel  pit  stands  one  to  two  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  tubes,  making  a 
column  of  water  18  to  19  feet  in  hight  hanging  below  the  center  of  the  wheel  shaft. 
We  have  a  vacuum  gauge  attached  to  the  top  of  draft  tube  which  indicates  16  to  18 
inches  of  Mercury,  showing  that  we  lose  nothing  to  speak  of  by  placing  the  wheels 
on  horizontal  shaft,  and  above  the  discharge  water.  Calling  the  specific  gravity 
of  the  mercury  13.6,  our  gauge  shows  that  the  water  in  draft  tube  stands  above  the 
center  of  shaft. 


114  JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

In  the  Fall  of  1883  we  placed  two  of  your  special  size  and  build  44  inch  wheels  on 
our  lower  level,  on  a  horizontal  shaft  under  28  teet  head  and  they  have  been  work- 
ing day  and  night  ever  since.  They  replaced  a  60  inch  wheel  on  an  upright  shaft. 
The  old  wheel  was  not  able  to  drive  half  our  present  machinery  up  to  speed  on  full 
work.  These  new  wheels  drive  everything  up  briskly  and  not  using  full  gate.  We 
measured  the  water  from  old  wheel  and  that  used  by  your  two  44  inch  and  found  the 
latter  using  considerable  less  water  and  giving  us  ample  power.  Formerly,  steps 
and   gears   bothered  us  greatly,  now  we  have  neither  step  or  gears. 

We  have  now  fifteen  of  your  wheels  (all  except  one  23  in.)  working  on  horizon- 
talshafts,  giving  us  nearly  6,000  horse  power.  We  have  ten  wheels  of  other  makes 
giving  about  1,500  horse  power,  and  from  our  present  experience  when  the  proper 
time  comes  we  will  replace  the  latter  with  your  wheels. 

Yours  truly,  WARREN  CURTIS, 

(Supt.  Hudson  River  Pulp  &  Paper  Co.) 

Directions  for  Setting  the  I^effel  Wlieel. 

We  have  endeavored  in  the  following  article  to  give  a  few  rules 
embracing  the  vital  principles  to  be  observed  in  putting  in  our  wheel. 
These  rules  are  stated  as  plainly  as  possible,  in  order  to  avoid  any 
misunderstanding  in  their  application  ;  and  if  they  are  carefully  fol- 
lowed the  wheel  cannot  fail  to  work  as  represented  hy  us. 
THE  MILL  DAM. 

In  improving  a  water  privilege,  the  first  step  is  the  construction  of 
the  dam.  For  full  and  minute  information  on  that  subject,  covering 
every  variety  of  circumstances  and  form  of  dam,  we  would  refer  the 
reader  to  the  columns  of  The  Leffel  Mechanical  News,  (pub- 
lished by  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio,)  in  which  a  long 
series  of  original  articles  on  Mill  Dams  and  their  construction  was 
published,  each  article  being  illustrated  w  ith  a  large  original  cut.  We 
would  refer  parties  also  to  "Leftel's  Construction  of  Mill  Dams  and 
Bookwalter's  Millwright  and  Mechanic,"  a  nicely  printed  and  bound 
book,  finelj^  illustrated  throughout  with  full  page  cuts,  and  published 
also  by  our  firm.  It  contains  all  that  has  appeared  in  the  Mechani- 
cal News,  (much  of  which  having  been  revised),  as  well  as  consid- 
erable that  has  not  been  published  in  that  paper. 

THE  HEAD  RACE  AND  GATES. 

The  next  matter  to  be  attended  to  is  the  canal  or  head  race,  in  con- 
structing which  a  very  frequent  error  is  committed  in  failing  to  give 
it  suflScient  capacity.  It  should  be  made  both  wide  and  deep;  and 
this  is  especially  necessary  where  the  race  is  of  considerable  length 
and  a  large  quantity  of  water  is  to  pass  through  it.  It  is  difficult  to 
give  a  definite  rule  which  will  apply  to  every  case,  but  it  inay  be  stated 
as  a  general  rule  that  the  water  shoi;ld  not  flow  faster  than  from  60  to 
120  feet  per  minute.  In  cases  w^here  there  is  along  race,  after  the 
wheel  has  been  running  three  or  four  hours,  the  head  frequently  draws 
down  from  one  to  three  feet.  The  effect  of  this  is  precisely  the  same 
as  if  the  dam  had  been .  lowered  an  equal  distance,  resulting  in  a  loss 
of  power  which  would  have  been  prevented  by  making  the  race  as 
wide  and  deep  as  it  should  be.  On  page  108  will  be  found  viseful  hints 
on  the  subject  of  head-gates,  their  construction,  etc.     "  Leftel's   Con- 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &   CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  H^ 

struction  of  Mill  Dams,"  already  referred  to,  contains  much  more  on 
the  subject,  race  and  reservoir  embankments,  etc.,  which  can  be  made 
available  in  the  improvement  of  any  water  power  of  any  kind. 

THE  WHEEL  PIT 

must  next  be  located,  and  we  can  not  too  strongly  impress  the  im- 
portance of  a  proper  depth  of  the  pit.  This  is  a  point  in  which  mill- 
owners  and  millwrights  putting  in  our  wheel  are  more  liable  to  err 
than  in  any  other.  In  fact,  if  a  person  should  write  us,  "Your  wheel 
is  not  doing  as  represented,"  the  first  question  we  would  ask  is,  "What 
depth  have  you  below  the  wheel  .^"  Whether  under  high  or  low  head, 
the  pit  should  be  made  deep  and  wide.  There  is  no  case  where  this 
is  more  important  than  where  a  large  wheel  is  run  under  a  low  head, 
as  under  these  circumstances  no  loss  of  head,  however  small,  can  be 
afforded.  A  pit  of  insufficient  size  causes  the  water  to  react  upon 
the  wheel;  and  an  additional  loss  of  power  is  also  caused  by  the  fact 
that  a  portion  of  the  head  is  consumed  in  forcing  the  water  out  of  the 
pit  when  there  is  not  sufficient  outlet.  As  a  general  rule,  the  depth 
of  pit  should  not  be  less  than  20  inches  for  the  smallest  wheels,  and 
in  some  cases  as  much  as  5  or  7  feet  for  the  largest  wheels  under  high 
heads.  An  average  size  Avheel,  say  a  48-inch,  under  an  average  head, 
say  12  feet,  should  have  33  to  40  inches  clear  space  from  the  mouth  of 
the  cylinder  or  wheel  tube,  where  the  water  discharges  from  the 
wheel,  to  the  bottom  of  the  pit.  In  making  the  pit,  if  there  is  a  sandy 
or  mud  bottom,  to  keep  the  foundation  from  washing  out,  mud-sills 
must  be  put  down  as  shown  in  plates  on  pages  26  and  87,  and  on  these 
sills  should  be  placed  a  2%  inch  plank  floor.  The  tail-water  should 
stand  at  the  very  least^  two  feet  deep  on  this  floor  when  the  wheel  is 
not  running;  and  for  high  heads  and  large  wheels  it  should  not  be  less 
than  from  three  to  six  feet,  the  cylinder  or  dratt  tube  of  course  in  all 
cases  touching  the  tail-water.  A  rock-bottom  does  not  require  mud- 
sills or  plank,  but  must  be  blasted  out  so  as  to  give  the  same  depth  of 
standing  tail-water.  This  depth  should  be  continued  the  whole  length 
and  breadth  of  the  flume,  and,  if  possible,  from  two  to  four  feet  be- 
yond the  sides;  but  in  all  cases  it  must  extend  from  five  to  twenty  feet 
down  the  tail  race  from  the  end  of  the  flume.  We  wish  to  most 
strongly  impress  the  fact  that  the  water  can  not  discharge  too  freely 
from  a  wheel. 

THE  TAIL-RACE, 

as  well  as  the  wheel  pit,  should  be  both  wide  and  deep;  and,  if  possi- 
ble, the  level,  or  the  bottom  of  the  wheel  pit,  should  be  carried  out 
the  whole  length  of  the  tail-race  to  the  stream,  which  is  easily 
done  when  the  race  is  short  and  empties  directly  into  the  stream. 
When  the  desired  depth  can  not  be  given  the  whole  length  of  the 
race,  it  should  be  made  up  in  width;  and  in  this  case  the  bottom  of 
tail-race  should  slope  gently  to  the  bottom  of  the  wheel -pit,  in  or- 
der to  avoid  an  abrupt  opposing  surface.     There  should   be,  if  possi- 


ii6 


JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL, 


jAMfes  tfipp^L  A  CO.,  sfftmo^tctt),  ottfd.  117 

blc,  two  feet  in  depth  of  dead  water  in  the  tail-race  when  the  wheel  is 
not  running,  in  order  to  avoid  the  raising  of  the  water  in  the  tail- 
race,  and  consequent  loss  of  head.  The  race  should  also  be  much 
wider  than  it  is  usually  made;  and  its  sectional  area  should  not  in  any 
case  be  less,  but  should  if  possible  exceed  that  of  the  outlet  of  the 
wheel  pit.  By  the  sectional  area  is  implied  the  product  of  the  width 
and  depth  multiplied  together.  A  wheel  pit  three  feet  deep  and  ten 
feet  wide  has  thirty  square  feet  sectional  area.  It  is  of  as  much  im- 
portance that  the  tail-race  should  be  made  wide  and  deep  as  that  the 
head  race  should  be,  and  neither  can  be  made  too  large. 

SIZE  OF  PENSTOCK. 

We  have  given  in  column  B,  on  pages  27   and  29  the  inside  diame- 
ter of  penstock  for  each  size  wheel,  and  by  reference  to  the   plate  on 
the  opposite  pages  (26  and  2S)  the  required  diameter  can  be  readih'  • 
found.    These  are  the  least  dimensions  which  it  is  expedient  to  employ. 

SIZE  OF  FLUME  OR  CONDUIT. 

As  we  have  already  stated,  the  flume  or  forebay  conducting  the 
water  to  the  penstock,  should  be  sufl[iciently  large  to  deliver  the  water 
smoothly  and  quietly  in  the  penstock  without  loss  of  head.  The  water 
in  the  penstock,  in  order  to  give  the  best  results,  should  be  as  nearly  as 
possible  without  motion,  except  the  natural  current  or  suction  towards 
the  wheel.  In  order  that  there  may  be  no  mistake  as  to  the  size  of 
the  conduit,  we  have  given  in  last  column  on  pages  27  and  29,  the 
cross-section  of  water  in  conduit.  [The  space  in  conduit  above  the 
surface  of  the  water  is  not  included  in  this  estimate.]  For  example, 
a  40-inch  wheel  should  have  a  flume,  according  to  the  table  to  which 
we  have  referred,  of  about  34  square  feet,  or  a  depth  and  wadth  of 
water  54  by  90  inches,  or  4I0  by  7)^  feet,  which,  multiplied  together, 
gives  the  square  feet  or  cross  section;  therefore,  a  flume  or  forebay  4^^ 
feet  deep  and  7)0  feet  wide  would  be  as  small  as  it  should  be  made; 
and  to  this  should  be  added  one  foot  in  height  for  the  space  above  the 
surface  of  water  in  the  conduit. 

CONSTRUCTION    OF    LOWER    TIMBERS    AND    FLOOR 
OF  FLUME. 

These  cuts  on  pages  116  and  119  are  designed  to  give  our  customers 
a  general  idea  of  the  proper  manner  of  framing  the  bottom  of  pen- 
stocks for  our  wheels.  We  do  not  anticipate  these  plans  will  cover 
a  great  number  of  difficult  places  in  which  our  wheels  are  frequently 
used;  but  they  will  give  the  millwright  or  mill-owner  a  good  insight 
of  the  method  in  which  the  timbers  immediately  around  the  cylinder 
of  the  wheel  should  be  framed.  A  number  of  other  ways  by  which 
the  bottom  of  the  penstock  may  be  framed  to  suit  certain  locations, 
will  readily  occur  to  a  practical  mill-wright. 

Tn   no  case  should  liirht,  weak   timbers  be  used  for  the   bottom  of 


Il8  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

penstocks.  The  side  sills  shoald  be  12  inches  square,  providing  10 
inch  square  posts  are  used,  which  will  be  heavy  enough  for  10  to  15 
feet  head.  P'or  12  by  14  inch  sills,  12  inch  posts  may  be  used.  If  the 
corner  posts  are  rabbeted,  they  should  be  12  by  14,  or  14  by  16  inches 
square,  so  as  to  rabbet  four  inches  one  way  and  two  inches  the  other. 
The  intermediate  sills  may  be  narrow  one  way  and  placed  edgewise 
up  and  down  ;  and  in  large  flumes  these  may  be  supported  by  two  or 
three  posts  of  stiff,  hard  timber,  four  inches  square,  placed  solidly  on 
the  foundations.  Letter  F,  in  plates  on  pages  27,29,116  and  119 
shows  the  distance  the  timbers  should  be  framed  apart,  around  the 
cylinder.  In  column  F,  page  27,  will  be  found  the  distance,  in  inches, 
that  these  timbers  should  be  framed  apart  for  each  size  of  wheel.  For 
the  size  of  penstock,  see  the  foregoing  articles  on  that  subject. 

In  plates  on  pages  87  and  77,  we  show  the  penstock  resting  on  stone 
piers.  This  is  not  absolutely  necessary,  as  the  side  posts  of  the  pen- 
stock can  extend  down  to  the  apron  or  bottom  of  pit,  the  lower  ends 
of  the  posts  resting  on  mud -sills  where  the  bottom  is  mud  or  sand 
(with  the  sills  of  the  penstock  framed  into  the  posts,)  or  on  rock  if  the 
bottom  is  of  that  nature.     This  arrangement  is  used  in  plate  on  page  96. 

In  the  case  of  large  penstocks,  we  would  advise  that  they  should 
rest  either  on  stone  pillars  or  side  walls  ;  but  pillars  are  decidedly  the 
best,  especially  where  the  tail-race  or  wheel-pit  can  be  made  wider 
than  the  penstock,  as  they  allow  a  free  discharge  of  water  in  all 
directions. 

For  the  floor  of  the  flume,  2%  to  3  inch  planks  should  be  laid  on 
the  sills  of  the  penstock  and  spiked  down.  A  hole  must  be  cut  in 
this  floor,  of  sufficient  size  to  allow  the  cylinder  of  the  wheel  to  pass 
through.  The  diameter  of  this  hole  is  given  in  column  F,  page  27. 
Surrounding  the  hole,  soft  pine  planks  should  be  placed,  extending  a 
little  beyond  the  flanges  of  the  wheel,  and  beveled  as  shown  on  pages 

26  and  28.  These  planks  must  be  leveled  and  planed  off"  perfectly 
true.  The  flange  of  the  wheel  rests  upon  the  planks,  the  cylinder 
passing  down  through  the  hole,  and  its  end  dipping  two  or  more 
inches  below  the  surface  of  standing  tail-water.  No  fastening  is  nec- 
essary to  keep  the  wheel  in  position,  as  its  own  weight  and  the  press- 
ure of  the  water  will  hold  it  firmly  in  place. 

OPEN  PENSTOCK    FOR  LOW  HEADS. 

Where  there  is  a  low  head,  a  plain  penstock  is  sufficient,  as  shown 
in  the  plate  on  page  77.  The  wheel  pit,  bottom  timbers  and  floor  of 
flume  are  to  be  made  as  above  directed.  Where  the  flume  is  not  too 
high,  it  is  desirable  that  the  floor  of  the  forebay  should  be  on  a  level, 
or  nearly  so,  with  that  of  the  flume,  as  shown  in  plate  on  page  106, 
freer  passage  into  the  flume  being  thus  afforded  to  the  water.  The 
penstock  should  be  plain,  substantial,  and  constructed  according  to 
the  dimensions  given  in  columns  B,  in  table  of  dimensions  on  pages 

27  and  29,  and  clearly  shown  in  plate  on  pages  26  and  28.  The  cor- 
ner posts  should  be  in  low   flumes,  10. by  12   inches  ;  in  medium  size 


JAMES    LEFFEL    &    CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,    OHIO. 


119 


lio  JAMES  LE^PEL^S  TURBmfi  WAtER  WHEEL, 

and  high  flumes,  12  to  14  ;  and  in  very  high  flumes,  14  by  16.  They 
should  be  rabbeted  4  inches  one  way  and  2  inches  the  other.  The 
other  posts  should  be  8  by  10,  10  by  12  or  12  by  14  inches,  corres- 
ponding to  the  size  of  corner  posts  above  stated,  and  from  three  to 
four  feet  apart,  according  to  the  size  of  plank  used — as  the  heavier 
the  plank  the  further  apart  the  posts  can  be  placed.  No  particular 
kind  of  flume  is  required.  It  can  be  constructed  to  suit  the  peculiari- 
ties of  the  location  ;  the  only  essential  points  being  to  make  it  large 
enough  and  sufficiently  strong,  and  the  wheel-pit  and  conduit  of  such 
size  as  to  give  free  entrance  and  discharge  to  the  water. 

DECKED  PENSTOCKS. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  mills  so  situated  that  the  power  is  re- 
quired to  be  taken  ofi:'  from  the  water  wheel  shaft  below  the  level  of 
water  in  head-race.  In  such  cases,  the  wheel  can  be  put  in  as  shown 
in  plates  on  pages  96,  87  and  84.  The  floor  of  penstock,  wheel-pit, 
etc.,  should  be  constructed  as  shown  in  the  foregoing  articles  on 
"Wheel  Pit,"  "Size  of  Penstock,"  and  "Construction  of  Lower 
Timbers. and  Floor  of  Flume."  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  perpen 
dicular  portion  of  the  penstock,  the  construction  of  which  has  been 
described  in  the  article  on  "  Open  Penstocks  for  Low  Heads,"  there  is 
a  horizontal  portion  built  out,  the  top  of  which  is  covered  or  decked  ; 
it  being  below  the  point  where  the  power  is  required  to  be  taken  off. 
The  water  wheel  shaft  and  gate  rod  pass  through  this  deck  or  cover, 
and  around  each  of  these  iron  stuffing-boxes  are  placed  so  as  prevent 
any  leakage  ot  water  around  the  shafts.  We  make  these  stuffing-boxes 
to  order.  In  case  where  lack  of  time  or  dher  reason  they  can  not 
be  conveniently  procured,  the  millwright  can  construct  wooden  ones 
which  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  timbers  in  this  decked  exten- 
sion should  be  as  strong  and  substantial  as  those  in  the  main  body 
of  the  penstock  ;  and  a  few  bolts  put  in  at  suitable  points,  as  shown  in 
plate  on  page  87,  will  repay  their  cost.  The  wheel -shaft  should  be 
placed  as  near  the  main  penstock  as  the  nature  of  the  gearing  will 
allow.  By  comparing  plates  on  pages  96  and  87,  this  point  will  be 
readily  observed  ;  and  by  acting  in  accordance  with  it,  the  space  will 
be  economized,  and  in  many  cases  the  construction  of  a  greater 
length  of  decked  flume  than  is  necessary  will  be  avoided. 

We  wish  millwrights  to  note  particularly  the  manner  in  which  the 
intermediate  sills  supporting  the  floor  of  the  penstock  are  hung  to  the 
main  cap  by  means  of  bolts  in  plate  on  page  87,  and  to  the  lower 
timber  in  plate  on  same  page.  We  highly  recommend  this  plan,  as 
the  main  sill  is  thus  kept  from  obstructing  the  free  discharge  of  water, 
while  the  stone  piers  also  admit  of  a  free  escape  of  the  water  in  all 
directions,  as  well  as  aflfording  a  good  foundation  for  the  whole 
structure  ;  of  course  the  stones  should  be  well  shaped  and  laid  up  in 
order  to  withstand  so  great  a  weight.  The  decked  portion  of  the  pen- 
stock may  be  extended  into  the  mill  to  any  desired  length,  by  whith 
means    the  wheel   can  be    brought  directly    under  the  machinery. 


JAMES  tEfffit  A  CO.,  SPRINGFIELD,  OHM.  ijf 

'The  advantage  of  this  arrangement  is  that  it  avoids  a  waste  of  power 
by  bringing  the  wheel  and  machinery  as  near  together  as  possible 
and  dispensing  with  a  long  train  of  gearing. 

THE  FOREBAY  RACK. 
It  is  highly  important  that  the  rack  across  the  race  or  forebaj 
should  be  properly  put  in  and  attended  to.  The  bars  should  be 
enough  apart  not  to  obstruct  the  flow  of  water,  and  should  be  kept 
clear  of  all  trash  ;  many  inches  of  head  are  lost  by  this  neglect,  and 
often  the  efficiency  of  a  wheel  is  impaired  by  the  same  cause.  Pro- 
per attention  given  to  this  matter  will  repay  well. 

It  is  a  good  plan,  and  we  would  recommend  it  in  all  cases,  to  put  in 
a  coarse  rack,  several  feet  above  the  rack  just  mentioned  ;  the  coarse 
rack  will  serve  to  retain  the  coarser  drift,  and  thus  avoide  the  necessi- 
ty of  frequent  removal  from  the  fine  rack.  The  spaces  of  the  coarse 
rack  may  be  twice  as  large  as  the  fine  ones  are.  It  is  also  advisable 
to  cover  the  entire  forebay  with  boards  from  the  last  rack  towards 
the  wheel  and  over  it  especially  where  small  wheels  are  used  ;  such 
precaution  will  prevent  rubbish  from  dropping  or  being  thrown  into 
the  water  and  getting  in  the  wheel. 

DRAFT  TUBE. 
In  adapting  wheels  to  very  high  falls,  it  sometimes  becomes  desira- 
ble, in  order  to  avoid  extreme  length  of  shaft  on  wheel,  and  also  to 
otherwise  conform  to  the  pecular  location  of  the  mill,  to  place  the 
wheel  at  a  distance  above  tail-water  and  conduct  the  water  away  from 
the  wheel  by  an  air-tight  tube  called  a  Draft  Tube.  It  is  also  desira- 
ble in  some  cases,  when  the  outlet  is  cramped,  to  employ  a  short  draft 
tube,  say  of  two  or  three  feet  length,  thus  bringing  the  lower  timbers 
of  the  penstock  up  from  the  water,  and  allowing  a  free  discharge,  and 
likewise  affording  a  greater  convenience  in  getting  at  the  wheel. 
There  can  not  be,  ordinarly,  any  objection  to  the  use  of  a  draft  tube 
not  to  exceed  ten  feet  in  length,  as  within  that  limit,  by  good  work- 
manship and  proper  material,  a  tube  can  be  constructed  both  air- 
tight and  durable  ;  yet,  as  a  want  of  experience  in  this  matter  might 
lead  to  mistakes,  which  would  tend  to  greatly  diminish  the  power  of. 
the  wheel,  we  would  here  state  that  as  a  rule  we  would  advise  the 
wheel  to  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  fall.  When  the  draft  exceeds 
ten  feet  in  length,  and  particularly  when  used  for  small  wheels,  it 
should  be  made  of  boiler  iron,  gotten  up  in  the  most  thorough  man- 
ner, perfectly  steam-tight,  as  our  experience  has  taught  us  that  when 
the  tube  is  of  great  length,  a  wooden  tube  can  not  be  relied  on  as 
either  water-tight  or  durable. 

On  page  55  will  be  found  a  plate  illustrating  the  use  of  the  draft 
tube.  The  end  of  the  draft  tube  should  dip  two  or  three  inches  below 
the  surface  of  standing  tail-water.  The  same  care  is  necessary  in 
making  the  wheel  pit,  Avhen  a  draft  tube  is  used,  as  when  a  wheel  is 
put  in  without  the  tube.  For  information  on  this  point,  reference 
should  be  made  to  the  foregoing  articles  on  that  subject. 


122  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

A  Beautiful  Exhibit  at  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 

The  following  is  from  the  "  Mechanical  News,"  of  New  York  City. 
Among  all  existing  agencies  for  the  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge 
whether  inaintained  at  public  expense  or  by  the  generosity  of  individ- 
uals ,  there  is  none  which  has  a  wider  or  more  honorable  fame,  at 
home  or  abroad,  than  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington. 
For  nearly  forty  years  its  name  has  been  a  household  word  among 
our  people.  Recently  the  managers  of  the  Institution  have  under- 
taken the  addition  of  a  new  and  eminently  interesting  feature.  Its 
design,  to  describe  it  in  general  terms,  is  to  present  in  all  the  leading 
branches  of  mechanical  and  manufacturing  industry  examples  on  the 
one  hand  of  the  old,  crude  and  primitive  appliances  which  exist  as  a 
relic  of  the  past  age,  and  on  the  other  the  most  approved  specimens 
of  American  machines  or  devices  which  those  arts  in  their  modern 
atate  afford.  To  do  this  intelligently  is  a  task  requiring  no  small 
amount  of  patient  investigation,  and  the  exercise  of  sound,  skilful 
and  strictly  impartial  judgment.  The  instructive  character  of  such 
an  exhibit  will  be  readily  comprehended  by  the  reader.  By  the  pro- 
fessional workman  in  any  given  department  of  industry  it  will  of 
course  be  most  fully  appreciated.  In  that  branch  of  industrial  science 
which  comprises  the  utilization  of  the  power  of  water,  the  managers 
of  the  Institution  have  selected  the  James  Leffel  Double  Turbine  as 
the  representative  modern  American  water  wheel,  embodying  the 
most  improved  and  efficient  means  for  the  development  of  water 
power  as  applied  to  the  propulsion  of  all  kinds  of  machinery.  To 
this  end  they  requested  the  firm  of  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  to  furnish 
them  a  specimen  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  to  be  placed  in  the  new  Nation- 
al Museum  building  lately  completed,  adjoining  the  original  struc- 
ture of  the  Institute,  where  it  will  form  a  part  of  the  collection  of 
the  best  modern  machinery  which  is  now  being  formed  on  the  plan 
above  described.  This  collection,  it  will  be  understood,  includes  but 
one  machine  or  article  of  manufacture  in  each  branch  of  industry 
comprised*  The  selection  of  the  Leffel  Wheel  as  the  sole  represen- 
tative of  the  highest  standard  of  excellence  attained  in  that  line  is 
therefore  justly  a  matter  of  pride  to  its  makers. 

The  wheel  asked  for  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  has  been  made 
at  the  shops  of  James  Leffel  &  Co.,  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  and  is  now 
at  their  of^ce  at  no  Liberty  Street,  New  York.  It  is  not  a  "  model  " 
merely,  but  a  working  wheel  of  7^  inches  diameter,  one  of  the 
regular  sizes  made  by  the  firm.  It  differs  in  no  respect  from  those  of 
their  ordinary  make,  save  in  its  ornamental  finish,  upon  which  special 
care  has  naturally  been  bestowed.  The  gates  and  gate-rods  are 
plated  with  pure  gold,  and  the  other  part  of  the  casings  with  silver  of 
like  quality.  In  its  workmanship,  as  well  as  in  the  principles  of  its 
construction  and  operation,  which  belong  to  it  in  common  with  all 
sizes  of  the  Leffel  Wheel,  from  a  diameter  of  6^^  inches  to  87  inches, 
it  will  constitute  no  unworthy  feature  of  the  myriad  collection  of  the 
best  products  of  modern  skill  and  invention  which  the  managers  of 
the  Smithsonian  have  feathered  within  its  walls. 


JAMES   LEFFEL   &  CO.,    SPRINGFIELD,   OHIO.  123 

Centennial  Exhibition  and  Smithsonian  Institute. 

Upon  due  examination  and  consideration,  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelpha  1876,  awarded  the  LefFel 
wheel  a  Medal,  a  Diploma,  and  an  honorable  mention  as  to  work- 
manship, design,  general  merits  etc. 

The  Leffel  Wheel  has  also  recently  been  selected  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute,  as  representing  the  highest  state  of  the  art  in  the 
manufacture  of  practical  turbines. 

We  received  also  a  Certificate  and  a  Diploma  of  Award  at  the  great 
International  Cotton  Exposition  in  1881  at  Atlanta, 

We  might  add  that  the  Leffel  Double  Turbine  received  awards, 
Diplomas,  and  Medals,  not  only  at  the  Centennial  and  International 
Exhibitions,  but  from  time  to  time  have  received  First  Premiums, 
A  words  and  Diplomas  in  every  state  of  the  Union  wherever  Fairs 
and  Exhibitions  have  been  held. 

12,000  Leflfel  Wheels  Successfully  Operating,  giving  over  600,000 
Horse  Power. 


Over  20  years  in  operation  has  proven  Its  durability  and  practical 
adaptation  to  every  purpose.  The  enormous  number  of  our  wheels 
used,  and  the  unanimous  praise  accorded  them,  should  be  sufficient 
evidence  that  a  party  is  trying  no  experiment  in  putting  in  a  Leffel 
wheel.  Heretofore  we  have  been  publishing  a  large  list  of  names  of 
parties  using  our  wheels,  some  companies  using  as  many  as  27. 

To  print  a  complete  list,  even  in  the  smallest  type  and  most  con- 
densed form,  would  require  a  book  of  near  the  same  size  ds  the  pres- 
ent edition  of  phamplet.  Our  book  for  1873  of  160  pages,  contained 
some  67  pages  of  references.  Although  in  later  editions  we  have 
published  a  large  and  greatly  condensed  list,  it  would  require  much 
more  space  than  formerly  to  give  a  complete  list,  especially  in  con- 
sideration of  the  very  large  number  that  we  have  sold  during  the 
past  12  years,  or  since  1873,  when  a  list  at  that  time  covered  67  pages. 
We  therefore  omit  the  list  from  the  present  edition,  but  will  be  glad 
to  supply  parties  at  any  time  references  in  any   part  of  the  country. 

This  edition  of  pamphlet  contains  also  only  a  few  of  the  new  tes- 
timonials in  our  possession,  having  a  large  number  on  file  that  we  are 
unable,  for  want  of  space,  to  make  public 


Ii4  JAMfiS  LEirpEL^S  TUftBINE  \VATUtt  WHfifit, 

o<lBOOKWALTER  ENG{NES> 

COMPACT,  SUBSTANTIAL  AND  ECONOMICAL. 


The  demand  for  a  small  Portable  Engine  at  a  price  which  macf  it 
available  for  light  manufacturing  purposes  was  fully  met  in  e 
construction  of  the  Bookwalter  Engine.  The  aim  of  the  makers 
has  been  to  give  perfect  efficiency  to  the  working  parts,  producing 
but  few  sizes  and  building  them  in  the  most  thorough  manner — in 
short,  to  combine  effectiveness  with  simplicity,  durability  and  cheap- 
ness. Every  detail  of  their  mechanism  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
diligent  study  and  experiment,  and  they  are  offered  to  the  public  in 
the  full  confidence,  based  on  their  successful  use  by  thousands  of  per- 
sons in  all  parts  of  the  country,  that  it  meets  in  the  most  perfect 
manner  every  requirement  of  an  economical  motive-power. 

Every  Boiler  and  Engine  is  tested  by  hydraulic  pressure  to 
twice  the  working  pressure,  and  also  steamed  up  and  run,  before 
leaving  the  works,  to  insure  its  perfect  working  in  the  hands  of  the 
purchaser. 

On  the  opposite  page  will  be  found  an  admirable  illustration  show- 
ing the  lo  horse  power  engine  driving  saw  mill  for  which  it  is  well 
adapted. 

OUR  LATEST  PRIC£  LIST. 

3      Horse-power  Upright  Engine  and  Boiler $340. 

43^  Horse-power  Upright  Engine  and  Boiler 280. 

6)^  Horse  power  Upright  Engine  and   Boiler 355. 

S      Horse-power  Horizontal  Engine  and  Boiler 460. 

10      Horse-power  Horizontal  Engine  and  Boiler 570. 

No  charges  made  for  packing,  boxing  or  drayage,  but  the  engines 
are  delivered  on  board  the  cars  in  good  shipping  condition,  at  the 
p  rices  above  named. 

Our  New  Illustrated  Engine  Pamphlet  of  Sixty-Four 
Pages  will  be  sent  free  on  application.  It  contains  full 
and  complete  information  in  regard  to  our  Bookwalter 
Engines.     Address 

JAMES  I.EFFEI.  &  CO.. 

SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO,  or  110  LIBERTY  STREET,  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


126  JAMES  LEFFEL'S  TURBINE  WATER  WHEEL, 

"Water  Wheel  Governors. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish,  at  short  notice,  Governors  of  the  most 
approved  patterns  for  regulating  our  wheels,  at  the  manufacturers 
prices.  Our  large  experience  in  the  introduction  of  the  Leffel  Tur- 
bine, and  its  application  to  all  sorts  of  purposes,  especially  where  the 
work  to  be  done  is  intermittent  and  irregular,  together  with  the  man- 
ufacture of  Governors,  has  afforded  us  opportunity  to  acquaint  our- 
selves with  the  various  machines  in  that  line  now  in  the  market.  At 
the  same  time  it  has  been  our  object  also  to  obtain  those  of  the  great- 
est efficiency,  and  from  which  the  best  results  might  be  expected,  as 
frequently  they  afford  aid  to  the  successful  operation  of  wheels.  We 
will  take  pleasure  at  any  time  in  offering  any  advice  when  called  upon 
as  to  their  attachment  to  Turbines,  and  as  to  styles  that  may  in  differ- 
ent cases  prove  most  satisfactory,  whether  the  purchase  is  made  of  us 
or  not. 

Shipping  Instructions  and  Facilities. 

It  will  be  seen  by  an  examination  of  the  map,  which  we  have  spec- 
ially prepared  and  published  on  page  127,  that  our  facilities  and  ad- 
vantages for  shipping  are  unusually  good.  There  are  several  trunk 
lines  running  on  either  side  of  our  shop,  which  will  also  be  found  by 
examination  of  the  engraving  of  our  works  on  page  two.  These  con- 
nect with  all  the  various  trunk  lines  and  branch  lines  running  through 
our  city,  since  it  is  a  great  railroad  center,  enabling  us  thereby  to  de- 
liver abroad  the  cars  free  of  freight,  drayage  or  other  incidental 
charges  to  which  shippers  are  frequently  subjected,  who  are  not  thus 
favorably  located.  It  ought  not  be  forgotten  by  purchasers,  that  of- 
ten these  charges,  such  as  drayage,  cartage  and  delivery  to  depots,  is 
a  considerable  item  of  expense  ;  and  while  they  are  not  mentioned 
frequently  by  manufacturers  who  have  not  these  facilities,  such  ex- 
pense charges  will  often  be  found  in  invoices  or  bills  rendered  by  such 
parties  to  the  customers.  We  have  direct  lines  east,  west,  north, 
south,  south-east,  north-east,  north-west,  either  to  the  Atlantic  or  Pa- 
cific, or  to  the  Gulf;  and  can  obtain  and  contract,  by  the  large  rail- 
road competition  that  is  afforded,  the  lowest  possible  shipping  rates 
of  freight  to  our  customers. 

We  cannot  impress  too  strongly  the  necessity  of  each  customer  or- 
dering a  wheel,  of  giving  us  some  instructions  as  to  what  road,  or 
route  he  may  desire  the  machinery  shipped  over  in  reaching  its  desti- 
nation. Usually,  we  understand  the  best  route  by  which  the  goods 
should  leave  our  city  ;  but  in  transfers  that  sometimes  occur  near  the 
destination,  the  customer  may  have  some  preference  as  to  the  particu- 
lar branch  or  road  which  should  have  care  and  charge  of  the  ship- 
ment on  its  arrival  or  at  its  destination.  Sometimes  there  may  be 
two  or  three  railroads  at  or  near  the  place,  where  the  shipment  is  de- 
sired, with  which  we  may  not  be  as  fully  acquainted  as  the  customer  ; 
in  which  case  his  advice  as  to  the  particular  branch  over  which  he 
wishes  to  receive  it,  will  be  of  importance  to  us. 


138  JAMES  LEFFEL's  TURBINE  WATER   WHEEL, 

THE  MECHANICAL  NEWS. 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS. 

THE  MECHANICAL  NEWS  was  established  by  its  present  publishers  in  1871, 
and  is  now  in  its  fifteenth  volume.  It  has  an  established  position  as  the  most  popular, 
widely  circulated  and  variously  interesting  journal  of  its  class,  and  is  known  and  val- 
ued as  such  by  its  many  thousands  of  readers  throughout  the  United  States,  and  in- 
deed in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.     Its  regular  issue  comprises 

SIXTEEN  PAGES,  PUBLISHED  TWICE  A  MONTH, 
and  profusely  illustrated  with  choice  engravings,  relating  to  all  branches  of  mechan- 
ical and  manufacturing  industry.  In  its  editorial  management,  the  best  skill  and 
talent  is  devoted  to  the  intelligent  discussion  of  those  subjects  upon  which  the  vital 
interests  of  the  country  depend — the  development  of  its  material  wealth,  the  advanc  e- 
ment  of  its  industries,  its  arts  and  its  commerce,  and  the  utilization,  in  the  largest  de- 
gree, of  its  manifold  resources. 

THE  MECHANICAL  NEWS  is  not  surpassed  in  variety  of  matter,  mechanical 
execution,  or  the  beauty  and  value  of  its  illustrations,  by  any  journal  in  the  United 
States.     It  is  published  at  the  low  price  of 

ONE  DOLLAR  A  YEAR,  STRICTLY  IN  ADVANCE, 

Specimen  Copies  of  TEE  IIECHANICAL  ^EWS  and  of  the  ILLUSTBATED  FBEMIUU  LIST  will 
Ise  sent  free  of  charge  and  pjstage  to  any  one  applying  f:r  them. 

Direct  all  subscriptions  or  communications  to 

THE  mKCHANICAI^  NEWS, 

JAMES  LEFFEL  &  CO.,     -    Publishers  and  Proprietors, 

Spi'ingfield,  Ohio,  or,  llO  Jjiberty  Street,  Nevi^  York. 


TRUMFS   IMPROVED   MILL   PICK. 

^fk  For   a   number  of 

^u^  years  we  have  been 

BMp^^^^^^^^-^^S^^^^^g^^i^^-__.       '~=^^aii^g-      ^^B         eluding  four  blades) 

prepay  postage. 
Furrowing  Picks,  (including  four  blades),  $4.50.     Postage  65  cents  extra. 
Extra  Cracking  Blades  35  cents  apiece,  or  $4.00  per  dozen. 
Extra  Furrowing  Blades  40  cents  apiece. 

Persons  ordering  Blades  for  Picks  purchased  previous  to  March  i,  1878,  will  so 
state  in  ordering  Blades.  The  two  kinds  of  Picks  and  four  Blades  can  be  sent  by  mail 
to  any  address  in  the  United  States.  Persons  desiring  to  have  them  sent  in  that 
manner  must  send  the  money  to  prepay  postage.     Send  your  orders  to 

JAMES  LEFFEL  &  CO., 
Springfield,  Ohio,  or  110  Liberty  St.,  New  York  City. 


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